Editing President (government title) (section)

===Collective presidency===
{{Further|Directorial system}}
[[File:Bundesrat der Schweiz 2015.jpg|thumb|The seven-member [[Swiss Federal Council]] serves as collective [[head of government]] and [[head of state|state]] of [[Switzerland]].]]

Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state. Some examples of this are:
* [[Switzerland]], where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member [[Swiss Federal Council]], although there is also a [[President of the Swiss Confederation|president of the Confederation]], who is a member of the Federal Council elected by the [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Federal Assembly]] (the Swiss [[parliament]]) for a year ([[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]] mandates that the post rotates every [[New Year's Day]]).
* The [[Captains Regent]] of [[San Marino]] elected by the [[Grand and General Council]].
* The [[Co-presidents of Nicaragua|Co-presidency of Nicaragua]], since 2025 the headship of state and government is shared between two co-presidents with equal powers, by constitution a male and a female.
* In the former [[Soviet Union]] from 1922 until 1938 there existed an office of collective head of state known as the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union]] that consisted of four and later seven chairmen representing the central executive committees of all [[union republics]] from [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee|Russia]], [[All-Byelorussian Central Executive Committee|Belarus]], [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee|Ukraine]], [[All-Caucasian Central Executive Committee|Trans-Caucasusia]] and from 1925 [[All-Uzbek Central Executive Committee|Uzbekistan]], [[All-Turkmen Central Executive Committee|Turkmenistan]], [[All-Tajik Central Executive Committee|Tajikistan]]. From 1927 until 1989 however, real power was exercised by the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Soviet Communist Party]]. After 1938, the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Supreme Soviet]] executed powers of a [[Head of state#Multiple or collective heads of state|collective head of state]], and [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|its chairman]] was often called "president" in the [[Western Bloc|West]], though a singular head of state named "[[President of the Soviet Union|president]]" was later established in 1990.
* [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] after the [[Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|death]] of [[Josip Broz Tito]], where a [[Presidency of Yugoslavia|presidency]] consisting of members from each [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia#Federal units|federal unit]] ruled the country until its [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup]].
* [[Ukraine]], in 1918–1920 there existed [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] composed of seven leaders of parliamentary factions and served as a collective head of state.
* The three-member [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] contains a member from each of the country's largest ethnic groups and serves as the collective head of state of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[National Council of Government (Uruguay)|National Council of Government]] in [[Uruguay]] from 1952 until 1967
* [[Junta of National Reconstruction]] in [[Nicaragua]] from 1979 until 1985