Editing Poznań (section)

===Location and topography===
{{Further|Geography of Poland}}
[[File:Bazylika MB NP (cropped).jpg|thumb|320px|Panoramic view of Old Town in winter.]]

Poznań covers an area of {{convert|261.91|km2|1|abbr=on}}, and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34<nowiki>''</nowiki>–52°30'27<nowiki>''</nowiki>N, 16°44'08<nowiki>''</nowiki>–17°04'28<nowiki>''</nowiki>E. Its highest point, with an altitude of {{convert|157|m|0|abbr=on}}, is the summit of Morasko hill within the [[Morasko meteorite nature reserve]] in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is {{convert|60|m|0|abbr=on}}, in the [[Warta]] valley.

Poznań's main river is the [[Warta]], which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it divides into two branches, flowing west and east of [[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]] Cathedral island, and meeting again further north. The smaller [[Cybina]] river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta, which is also called Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially widened to form a main stream of the Warta. Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream ''(Strumień Junikowski)'', which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city boundary in [[Luboń]]; the Bogdanka and Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries flowing from the north-west and along the north side of the city centre, now with their lower sections diverted underground; the Główna, flowing through the neighbourhood of the same name in north-east Poznań; and the Rose Stream ''(Strumień Różany)'' flowing east from Morasko in the north of the city. The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different from today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of Grobla (the ''Zgniła Warta'' – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage to Poznań frequently throughout history.
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 320
| image_gap = 
| header = 
| image1 = Pozpano (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = Warta River Valley in Poznań
| image2 = Kierskie Lake 2.jpg
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = The largest of city's's four major lakes, [[Kiekrz, Poznań|Great Kierskie Lake]], is a centre of sailing and iceboating.
}}

Poznań's largest lake is [[Kiekrz, Poznań|Kiekrz]] in the north-west end of the city. Other large lakes include [[Lake Malta|Malta]], an artificial lake formed in 1952 on the lower Cybina river, [[Strzeszyn, Poznań|Strzeszyn]] on the Bogdanka, and [[Lake Rusałka (Poznań)|Rusałka]], an artificial lake formed in 1943 further down the Bogdanka river. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz lake is much used for [[sailing]], while Malta is a competitive [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] and [[canoeing]] venue.

The city centre – including the [[Poznań Old Town|Old Town]], the former islands of Grobla and Chwaliszewo, the main street [[Święty Marcin]] and many other important buildings and districts – lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing [[Poznań Cathedral|Cathedral]] and other ecclesiastical buildings, as well as housing and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of [[Śródka, Poznań|Śródka]]. Large areas of apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include [[Rataje, Poznań|Rataje]] in the east, and [[Winogrady]] and [[Piątkowo, Poznań|Piątkowo]] north of the centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining [[Swarzędz]], and around the lakes in the north-west.

For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on its five main districts: [[Stare Miasto, Poznań|Stare Miasto]], [[Nowe Miasto, Poznań|Nowe Miasto]], [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]], [[Grunwald, Poznań|Grunwald]], and [[Wilda, Poznań|Wilda]].
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Districts of Poznań">
File:Ulica Długa Poznań.jpg|Ulica Długa (Long Street) in [[Stare Miasto, Poznań|Stare Miasto]]
File:Wierzbięcice 2 (cropped).jpg|Wierzbięcice Street in [[Wilda, Poznań|Wilda]]
File:Rynek Łazarski.jpg|Rynek Łazarski in [[Grunwald, Poznań|Grunwald]]
File:Rynek Jeżycki 2 (cropped).jpg|Rynek Jeżycki, main square of [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]]
File:Widok na os. Orła Białego, Stare Żegrze, Armii Krajowej, Bohaterów II Wojny Światowej..jpg|Cityscape of [[Nowe Miasto, Poznań|Nowe Miasto]]
</gallery>

====Climate====
{{climate chart
|Poznań
|-3.5|1.8|32.6
|-3.1|3.1|27.3
|-0.1|7.7|37.8
|3.5|14.2|31.3
|8.2|19.7|49.5
|11.1|22.1|56.8
|13.4|24.7|75.7
|12.8|24.2|60.8
|9.2|18.8|41.7
|5.1|13.2|34.0
|1.1|6.5|34.7
|-2.1|2.5|40.4
| units = Metric
| float = right
| clear = none
| source = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=26 World Meteorological Organisation]
}}

The climate of Poznań is within the transition zone between a [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] and [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'' to ''Dfb'' although it just fits in the second in the 0&nbsp;°C isotherm) and with relatively cold winters and warm summers. Snow is common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Annual rainfall is more than {{convert|500|mm|0|abbr=on}}, among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine are among the highest in the country. The warmest temperature was recorded on 11 July 1959 at {{convert|38.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}

{{Weather box
| location = Poznań ([[Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|83|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = 
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 15.8
| Feb record high C = 18.1
| Mar record high C = 24.0
| Apr record high C = 30.5
| May record high C = 31.8
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 38.2
| Aug record high C = 37.1
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 15.6
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan avg record high C = 9.3
| Feb avg record high C = 11.1
| Mar avg record high C = 17.3
| Apr avg record high C = 24.2
| May avg record high C = 27.7
| Jun avg record high C = 31.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.6
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 26.9
| Oct avg record high C = 21.3
| Nov avg record high C = 14.0
| Dec avg record high C = 10.1
| year avg record high C = 34.3
| Jan high C = 2.1
| Feb high C = 3.7
| Mar high C = 8.1
| Apr high C = 15.0
| May high C = 19.8
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 24.9
| Sep high C = 19.5
| Oct high C = 13.3
| Nov high C = 7.1
| Dec high C = 3.2
| year high C = 13.8
| Jan mean C = -0.4
| Feb mean C = 0.5
| Mar mean C = 3.8
| Apr mean C = 9.5
| May mean C = 14.1
| Jun mean C = 17.5
| Jul mean C = 19.5
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 14.3
| Oct mean C = 9.1
| Nov mean C = 4.4
| Dec mean C = 0.9
| year mean C = 9.4
| Jan low C = -2.9
| Feb low C = -2.4
| Mar low C = 0.0
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.4
| Jun low C = 11.9
| Jul low C = 14.1
| Aug low C = 13.7
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 5.4
| Nov low C = 1.8
| Dec low C = -1.4
| year low C = 5.2
| Jan avg record low C = -13.5
| Feb avg record low C = -11.6
| Mar avg record low C = -7.8
| Apr avg record low C = -3.4
| May avg record low C = 0.9
| Jun avg record low C = 5.8
| Jul avg record low C = 8.6
| Aug avg record low C = 7.2
| Sep avg record low C = 2.6
| Oct avg record low C = -2.8
| Nov avg record low C = -5.6
| Dec avg record low C = -10.1
| year avg record low C = -16.1
| Jan record low C = -28.5
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -21.4
| Apr record low C = -8.6
| May record low C = -3.9
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 3.8
| Aug record low C = 3.2
| Sep record low C = -1.7
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.2
| Dec record low C = -24.9
| year record low C = -28.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 39.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 38.6
| May precipitation mm = 53.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 57.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 84.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 41.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 35.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 33.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 40.1
| year precipitation mm = 538.9
| Jan snow depth cm = 3.9
| Feb snow depth cm = 4.2
| Mar snow depth cm = 2.5
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.6
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.1
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.3
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.2
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.47
| Feb precipitation days = 13.10
| Mar precipitation days = 13.40
| Apr precipitation days = 10.20
| May precipitation days = 12.17
| Jun precipitation days = 12.43
| Jul precipitation days = 13.60
| Aug precipitation days = 12.23
| Sep precipitation days = 10.67
| Oct precipitation days = 12.93
| Nov precipitation days = 13.37
| Dec precipitation days = 16.50
| year precipitation days = 157.06
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 12.7
| Feb snow days = 10.0
| Mar snow days = 4.0
| Apr snow days = 0.4
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 1.7
| Dec snow days = 6.8
| year snow days = 35.7
| Jan humidity = 86.9
| Feb humidity = 83.2
| Mar humidity = 76.5
| Apr humidity = 66.8
| May humidity = 67.4
| Jun humidity = 68.0
| Jul humidity = 68.6
| Aug humidity = 69.6
| Sep humidity = 76.6
| Oct humidity = 82.7
| Nov humidity = 88.3
| Dec humidity = 88.5
| year humidity = 76.9
| Jan sun = 50.8
| Feb sun = 71.8
| Mar sun = 123.1
| Apr sun = 211.1
| May sun = 255.4
| Jun sun = 257.3
| Jul sun = 268.5
| Aug sun = 252.7
| Sep sun = 165.2
| Oct sun = 112.7
| Nov sun = 53.9
| Dec sun = 36.6
| year sun = 1859.0
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = Poznań ([[Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|83|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C = -2.0
| Feb mean C = -1.0
| Mar mean C = 2.7
| Apr mean C = 7.6
| May mean C = 13.3
| Jun mean C = 16.7
| Jul mean C = 18.0
| Aug mean C = 17.4
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 8.8
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -0.1
| Jan high C = 0.5
| Feb high C = 2.2
| Mar high C = 6.8
| Apr high C = 13.0
| May high C = 18.8
| Jun high C = 22.1
| Jul high C = 23.5
| Aug high C = 23.1
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 13.1
| Nov high C = 6.4
| Dec high C = 2.2
| Jan record high C = 13.2
| Feb record high C = 17.6
| Mar record high C = 24.0
| Apr record high C = 29.9
| May record high C = 31.5
| Jun record high C = 33.7
| Jul record high C = 36.4
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 15.0
| Jan low C = -4.8
| Feb low C = -3.9
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 2.8
| May low C = 7.7
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 12.5
| Aug low C = 12.2
| Sep low C = 9.0
| Oct low C = 5.3
| Nov low C = 1.2
| Dec low C = -2.6
| Jan record low C = -28.5
| Feb record low C = -26.7
| Mar record low C = -21.4
| Apr record low C = -8.6
| May record low C = -3.0
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 4.7
| Aug record low C = 3.2
| Sep record low C = -1.7
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.2
| Dec record low C = -24.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 30
| Feb precipitation mm = 24
| Mar precipitation mm = 27
| Apr precipitation mm = 36
| May precipitation mm = 53
| Jun precipitation mm = 60
| Jul precipitation mm = 69
| Aug precipitation mm = 57
| Sep precipitation mm = 43
| Oct precipitation mm = 39
| Nov precipitation mm = 39
| Dec precipitation mm = 38
| Jan sun = 40.0
| Feb sun = 61.0
| Mar sun = 109.0
| Apr sun = 152.0
| May sun = 219.0
| Jun sun = 215.0
| Jul sun = 218.0
| Aug sun = 206.0
| Sep sun = 138.0
| Oct sun = 102.0
| Nov sun = 40.0
| Dec sun = 32.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 8.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.7
| Mar precipitation days = 6.9
| Apr precipitation days = 7.3
| May precipitation days = 8.4
| Jun precipitation days = 8.7
| Jul precipitation days = 9.2
| Aug precipitation days = 9.0
| Sep precipitation days = 7.2
| Oct precipitation days = 7.1
| Nov precipitation days = 8.8
| Dec precipitation days = 9.5
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12330.TXT 
| title = Poznań (12330) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 19 July 2019 
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220415060847/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12330.TXT
| archive-date = 2022-04-15}}</ref>
}}