Editing Post-traumatic stress disorder (section)

==== Pregnancy-related trauma ====
{{Main|Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder}}
Women who experience [[miscarriage]] are at risk of PTSD.<ref name=Christiansen2017>{{cite journal |vauthors=Christiansen DM |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents following infant death: A systematic review |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=51 |pages=60–74 |date=February 2017 |pmid=27838460 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.007}}</ref><ref name="kirs2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kersting A, Wagner B |title=Complicated grief after perinatal loss |journal=[[Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=187–94 |date=June 2012 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/akersting |pmid=22754291 |pmc=3384447}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Daugirdaitė V, van den Akker O, Purewal S |title=Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder after termination of pregnancy and reproductive loss: a systematic review |journal=[[Journal of Pregnancy]] |volume=2015 |pages=646345 |date=2015 |pmid=25734016 |pmc=4334933 |doi=10.1155/2015/646345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Those who experience subsequent miscarriages have an increased risk of PTSD compared to those experiencing only one.<ref name="Christiansen2017" /> PTSD can also occur after childbirth and the risk increases if a woman has experienced trauma prior to the pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K |title=The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework |journal=[[Psychological Medicine]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1121–34 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26878223 |doi=10.1017/s0033291715002706 |doi-access=free|url=https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_aetiology_of_post-traumatic_stress_following_childbirth_a_meta-analysis_and_theoretical_framework/23434271/1/files/41147231.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=James S |title=Women's experiences of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic childbirth: a review and critical appraisal |journal=[[Archives of Women's Mental Health]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=761–71 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26264506 |pmc=4624822 |doi=10.1007/s00737-015-0560-x}}</ref> Prevalence of PTSD following normal childbirth (that is, excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8 and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum,<ref name="Olde20062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M |title=Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16176853 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.002 |hdl=1874/16760 |s2cid=22137961 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> with rates dropping to 1.5% at six months postpartum.<ref name="Olde20062" /><ref name="Alder20062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J |s2cid=21859634 |title=Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer? |journal=[[Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=107–12 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16808085 |doi=10.1080/01674820600714632}}</ref> Symptoms of PTSD are common following childbirth, with prevalence of 24–30.1%<ref name="Olde20062"/> at six weeks, dropping to 13.6% at six months.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Montmasson H, Bertrand P, Perrotin F, El-Hage W |title=[Predictors of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder in primiparous mothers] |journal=Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22622194 |doi=10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.04.010|s2cid=196363612 |url=https://hal-univ-tours.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02526438/file/2012_Montmasson_JGYN_VF.pdf }}</ref> [[Emergency childbirth]] is also associated with PTSD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Perinatal Mental Health: a Clinical Guide |vauthors=Martin C |publisher=M & K Pub |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-907830-49-5 |location=Cumbria, England |page=26}}</ref>