Editing Pope Julius II (section)

===League of Cambrai and Holy League===
[[File:Leonardo della Rovere.jpg|thumb|left|[[Leonardo Grosso della Rovere]], the fourth [[Cardinal-nephew]] of Julius II, accompanied him on his military campaigns in [[Bologna]] and [[Perugia]], and served as his ambassador to France.]]

In addition to an active military policy, the new pope personally led troops into battle on at least two occasions, the first to expel Giovanni Bentivoglio from [[Bologna]] (17 August 1506 – 23 March 1507), which was achieved successfully with the assistance of the Duchy of Urbino. The second was an attempt to recover the [[Duchy of Ferrara]] for the Papal States (1 September 1510 – 29 June 1512).{{sfn|Grassi|1886}}{{Page needed|date=March 2021}} In 1508, Julius was fortuitously able to form the [[League of Cambrai]] with King [[Louis XII]] of France, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] (proclaimed without [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|coronation]] as emperor by Pope Julius II at [[Trento|Trent]] in 1508) and King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Baptiste Dubox|title=Histoire De La Ligue Faite A Cambray Entre Jules II. Pape, Maximilien I. Empereur Louis XII. Roy de France, Ferdinand V. Roy d'Arragon, & Tous Les Princes d'Italie. Contre La Republique De Venise. Quatrieme Edition Revue, corrigee & augmentee par l'Auteur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMpTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223|edition=Quatrieme|volume=Tome premier |date=1728 |publisher=M. G. de Merville|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> The League fought against the [[Republic of Venice]].{{efn| Also known as the "War of the League of Cambrai"}} Among other things, Julius wanted possession of Venetian [[Romagna]]; Emperor Maximilian I wanted [[Friuli]] and [[Veneto]]; Louis XII wanted [[Cremona]], and Ferdinand II desired the [[Apulia]]n ports.<ref name=Shaw/><ref>{{cite book | last =Guicciardini | first= Francesco| title = The History of Italy | location = Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press |date=1984 | isbn = 978-0691008004 | pages = 196–197 }}</ref> This war was a conflict in what was collectively known as the "[[Italian Wars]]". In the spring of 1509, the Republic of Venice was placed under an [[interdict]] by Julius,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Richard |last=Cavendish |title=Venice Excommunicated |journal=History Today |volume=59 |issue=4 |date=2009}} {{Subscription required|date=October 2013}}</ref> In May 1509 Julius sent troops to fight against the Venetians who had occupied parts of the Romagna, winning back the Papal States in the decisive [[Battle of Agnadello]] near Cremona.{{r|Ott1910}}

During the War of the Holy League, alliances kept changing: in 1510 Venice and France switched places, and by 1513, Venice had joined France.<ref>John Rickard, {{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_holy_league.html|title=War of the Holy League, 1510–1514|website=www.historyofwar.org|access-date=28 January 2017}}{{self-published source|date=March 2018}}</ref> The achievements of the League soon outstripped the primary intention of Julius. In one single battle, the Battle of Agnadello on 14 May 1509, the dominion of Venice in Italy was practically lost to the pope. Neither the King of France nor the Holy Roman Emperor was satisfied with merely effecting the purposes of the Pope; the latter found it necessary to enter into an arrangement with the Venetians to defend himself from those who immediately before had been his allies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Baptiste Dubos|title=Histoire De La Ligue Faite A Cambray Entre Jules II. Pape, Maximilien I. Empereur, Louis XII. Roy de France, Ferdinand V. Roy d'Arragon, & Tous Les Princes d'Italie. Contre La Republique De Venise. Quatrieme Edition Revue, corrigee & augmentee par l'Auteur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMpTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223%7CEDITION%3DQUATRIEME%7CVOLUME%3DTOME+PREMIER%7CYEAR%3D1728%7CPUBLISHER%3DM.+G.+DE+MERVILLE%7CLOCATION%3DPARIS%7CLANGUAGE%3DFRENCH%7D%7D|edition=Quatrieme|volume=Tome second |date=1728 |publisher=M. G. de Merville|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> The Venetians, on making humble submission, were absolved at the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterward France was placed under papal interdict.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2003) pp. 648–649</ref>

[[File:Sisto della Rovere.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sisto Gara della Rovere]], the fifth cardinal nephew of Julius II, was the Prior in Rome of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights Hospitaller of Malta]].]]
Attempts to cause a rupture between France and [[Kingdom of England|England]] proved unsuccessful; on the other hand, at a [[synod]] convened by Louis at [[Tours]] in September 1510, the French bishops withdrew from papal obedience and resolved, with the Emperor's co-operation, to seek dethronement of the pope. With some courage Julius marched his army to Bologna and then against the French to [[Mirandola]].{{r|Ott1910}} In November 1511, a council met at [[Pisa]], called by rebel cardinals with support from the French king and the Empire; they demanded the deposition of Julius II.<ref>{{cite book | first = Augustin | last = Renaudet | title = Le concile Gallican de Pise-Milan | url = https://archive.org/details/leconcilegallica00renauoft | location = Paris | publisher= H. Champion |date=1922 }}</ref> <!-- Despite being seriously h -->He refused to shave, showing utter contempt for the hated French occupation. "per vendicarsi et diceva ... anco fuora scazato el re Ludovico Franza d'Italia."{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 339 n}}

[[File:La Resa di Mirandola (1810).JPG|thumb|left|''Pope Julius II on the walls of the [[Siege of Mirandola (1511)|conquered]] city of [[Mirandola]]'' (oil on canvas by [[Raffaello Tancredi]], 1890, City Hall of [[Mirandola]])]]
Whereupon Julius entered into another [[Holy League (1511)|Holy League of 1511]]: in alliance with Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Venetians he conspired against the [[Gallicanism|Gallican]] liberties. In a short time, both [[Henry VIII of England]] (1509–47), and [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] joined the Holy League of 1511 against France. Ferdinand of Aragon now recognized Naples as a papal fief, invested in 1511, and therefore Julius II now regarded France as the main foreign power in the Italian peninsula hostile to Papal interests. Louis XII defeated the alliance at [[Battle of Ravenna (1512)|Battle of Ravenna]] on 11 April 1512. When a desperate battle felled over 20,000 men in a bloodbath the Pope commanded his protege, a newly released young Cardinal Medici to re-take Florence with a Spanish army. The rescue of the city on 1 September 1512 saved Rome from another invasion, ousting [[Piero Soderini]], and returning the dynastic rule of the Medici. Julius had seemingly restored ''[[fortuna]]'' or control by exercising his manly ''vertu'', just as Machiavelli wrote. This re-asserted a strong relation between Florence and Rome, a lasting legacy of Julius II. Yet Machiavelli and his methods would not outlast Julius' Papacy.{{sfn|Strathern|2003|pp=264–266}}

Julius [[Holy League (1511)|hired Swiss mercenaries]] to fight against the French in Milan in May 1512,{{r|Norwich1989}}<ref>{{cite book | first= Charles | last =Oman |title = A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century | location = London | publisher = Methuen & Co. |date=1937 | page = 152}}</ref> causing the French army to withdraw across the Alps into Savoy. The papacy gained control of [[Parma]] and [[Piacenza]] in central Italy. With the French out of Italy and Spain recognizing Naples as a papal fief, a Congress was held in Mantua by Julius II to declare the liberation of the peninsula. Nevertheless, although Julius had centralized and expanded the [[Papal States]], he was far from realizing his dream of an independent Italian kingdom. Italy was not at peace either. The French were preparing new campaigns to reconquer Milan, and Julius II confessed to a Venetian ambassador a plan to invest his counselor [[Luigi d'Aragona]] with the Kingdom of Naples in order to end Spanish presence in the south. In fact, after the death of Julius, war would resume and the treaties of Noyon and Brussels in 1516 would again divide much of Italy between French and Spanish influence.