Editing Pipette (section)

==Specialized pipettes==
===Pipetting syringe===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2012}}
Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and [[burette]]s. They are calibrated to [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and [[PTFE]] seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5&nbsp;mL and 25&nbsp;mL.  This arrangement provides improvements in precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.

===Van Slyke pipette===
The Van Slyke pipette, invented by [[Donald Dexter Van Slyke]], is a graduated pipette commonly used in [[medical technology]] with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shohl|first1=Alfred T.|title=A Pipet for Micro-Analyses.|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=February 1928|volume=50|issue=2|pages=417|doi=10.1021/ja01389a502}}</ref>

===Ostwald–Folin pipette===
The Ostwald–Folin pipette, developed by [[Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald|Wilhelm Ostwald]] and refined by [[Otto Folin]], is a type of volumetric pipette used to measure viscous fluids such as whole blood or serum.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rani |first1=Seema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4zcEAAAQBAJ |title=An Introduction To Analytical Chemistry |last2=Khan |first2=Tasneem K. H. |last3=Mote |first3=Sanjay P. |last4=Gehlot |first4=Praveen Singh |publisher=Academic Guru Publishing House |year=2023 |isbn=9788119338009 |pages=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Serological pipets |url=https://www.eppendorf.com/product-media/doc/en/308915/Liquid-Handling_Poster_Serological-Pipets.pdf |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[Eppendorf (company)|Eppendorf]]}}</ref>

[[File:Combustion pipette.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|Combustion pipette]]
===Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette===
The Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette, developed by [[Clemens Winkler]] and refined by Louis Munroe Dennis, is an apparatus for the controlled reaction of liquids under a mild electric current and a supply of oxygen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hempel |first=Walther |url=http://archive.org/details/methodsofgasanal0000drwa |title=Methods of Gas Analysis |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |others=Internet Archive |year=1902 |edition= |pages=138–140 |translator-last=Dennis |translator-first=Louis Munroe}}</ref>

===Glass micropipette===
Glass micropipettes are fabricated in a micropipette puller and are typically used in a [[micromanipulator]]. These are used to physically interact with microscopic samples, such as in the procedures of [[microinjection]] and [[patch clamp]]ing. Most micropipettes are made of [[borosilicate]], [[aluminosilicate]] or [[quartz]] with many types and sizes of glass tubing being available. Each of these compositions has unique properties which will determine suitable applications.
{{gallery
|File:Carlsberg micropipettes.jpg
 |Carlsberg pipettes, glass micropipettes named for their place of invention and first use, The Carlsberg Laboratory, Physiology Department, Copenhagen, Denmark. Used with a mouthpiece for precision biochemical and physiological lab work.<br>From the top: double constriction pipettes for 1 and 10 microlitres; single constriction pipettes for 200; 2,000; and 10,000 microlitres
|File:pulled pipette.jpg
 |[[Borosilicate]] '''glass micropipette''' pulled with a Flaming/Brown micropipette puller P-97
}}

====Microfluidic pipette====
A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of [[microfluidics]] into a freely positionable pipette platform. At the tip of the device, a localized flow zone is created which allows for constant control of the nanolitre environment, directly in front of the pipette. The pipettes are made from [[polydimethylsiloxane]] (PDMS), which is formed using reactive injection molding. Interfacing of these pipettes using pneumatics enables multiple solutions to be loaded and switched on demand, with solution exchange times of 100ms. This type of pipette was invented by Alar Ainla, and currently situated in the Biophysical Technology Lab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biophystech.org|title=Biophysical Technology Laboratory|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> at [[Chalmers University of Technology]] in Sweden.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ainla|first1=Alar|last2=Jansson|first2=Erik T.|last3=Stepanyants|first3=Natalia|last4=Orwar|first4=Owe|last5=Jesorka|first5=Aldo|title=A Microfluidic Pipette for Single-Cell Pharmacology|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=June 2010|volume=82|issue=11|pages=4529–4536|doi=10.1021/ac100480f|pmid=20443547}}</ref>

=== Extremely low volume pipettes ===
A [[zeptolitre]] pipette has been developed at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how [[crystallization]] takes place.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Science News | url = http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070421/fob4.asp | volume = 171 | pages = 244–245 | title =  A New Low: Lilliputian pipette releases tiniest drops | author = Aimee Cunningham | date = 2007-04-18}}</ref>

=== Pipette aids ===
A variety of devices have been developed for safer, easier, and more efficient pipetting.  For example, a motorized pipette controller can aid liquid aspiration or dispensing using volumetric pipettes or graduated pipettes;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pipette.com/motorizedcontrollers|title=Motorized Pipette Controllers &#124; Motorized Controller &#124; Pipette.com|website=www.pipette.com}}</ref> a tablet can interact in real-time with the pipette and guide a user through a protocol;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilson.com/default/trackman-connected.html|title=TRACKMAN Connected|website=www.gilson.com}}</ref> and a pipette station can help to control the pipette tip immersion depth and improve ergonomics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prep-free.com/|title=Pipette Confidently with PipetteRite – Control the Immersion Depth, Steady Your Hand, and Improve Ergonomics}}</ref>

===Robots===
{{gallery
|File:Automated pipetting system using manual pipettes.jpg
 |An example of mechanical pipettes manipulated by an anthropomorphic robot
}}
[[Liquid handling robot|Pipette robots]] are capable of manipulating pipettes just as humans would do.<ref>{{Citation| title = hands-free use of pipettes| date = August 2012| url = http://www.andrewalliance.com| access-date = August 29, 2012}}</ref>