Editing Picts (section)

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{citation
  | title = The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
  | date = 23 November 2016
 | translator1-last = Ingram
  | translator2-last = Giles
  | translator1-first = James
  | translator2-first = J. A.
  | ref = {{harvid|ASC}}
  | publisher = Pantianos Classics
  | isbn = 978-1-5405-7961-4}}
*{{citation
  | last = Adomnán
  | author-link = Adomnán of Iona
  | title = Life of St Columba
  | translator-last = Sharpe
  | translator-first = Richard
  | publisher = Penguin
  | location = London
  | year = 1995
  | isbn = 978-0-14-044462-9}}
*{{citation
  | last = Alcock
  | first = Leslie
  | title = Kings & Warriors, Craftsmen & Priests: In Northern Britain AD 550-850
  | year = 2003
  | publisher = Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series
  | location= Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-903903-24-0
  | ref=Alc03}}
*{{citation
  | last = Anderson
  | first = Alan Orr
  | title = Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500 to 1286
  | year = 1922
  | publisher = Oliver and Boyd
  | location = Edinburgh
  | url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313
  | accessdate = 21 April 2023}}
*{{Citation
  | last = Armit
  | first = Ian
  | title = Beyond the Brochs: Changing Perspectives on the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age
  | year = 1990
  | publisher = Edinburgh University Press
  | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{citation
  | last = Armit
  | first = Ian
  | title = Towers in the North: The Brochs Of Scotland
  | publisher = Tempus
  | location = Stroud
  | year = 2002
  | isbn = 978-0-7524-1932-9}}
*{{citation
  | last = Bannerman
  | first = John
  | editor-last1 = Broun
  | editor-first1 = Dauvit
  | editor-last2 = Clancy
  | editor-first2 = Thomas Owen
  | title = The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba
  | work = Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
  | year = 1999
  | author-link = John Bannerman (historian)
  | publisher = T.& T.Clark Ltd
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-1803-3}}
*{{citation
  | last1 = Barney
  | first1 = S.A.
  | last2 = Lewis
  | first2 = W.J.
  | last3 = Beach
  | first3 = J.A.
  | last4 = Berghof
  | first4 = O.
  | title = The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | location = Cambridge
  | year = 2010
  | isbn = 978-0521145916}}
*{{citation
  | last = Barrow
  | first = G. W. S.
  | author-link = G. W. S. Barrow
  | title = Pre-feudal Scotland: Shires and Thanes
  | editor-last = Barrow
  | editor-first = G. W. S.
  | work = The Kingdom of the Scots
  | publisher = Edinburgh University Press
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2003
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-1803-3}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | author-link = Dauvit Broun
  | journal = The Innes Review
  | year = 1997
  | volume = 48
  | pages = 112–124
  | title = Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish Identity
  | issue = 2
 | doi=10.3366/inr.1997.48.2.112}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development
  | editor-first = Sally M.
  | editor-last = Foster
  | work = The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections
  | publisher = Four Courts
  | location = Dublin
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 978-1-85182-414-4}}
*{{citation
  | editor-last1 = Broun
  | editor-first1 = Dauvit
  | editor-last2 = Clancy
  | editor-first2 = Thomas Owen
  | title = Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
  | year = 1999
  | publisher = T.& T.Clark Ltd
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-5670-8682-2}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = Dál Riata, kingdom of
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | pages = 161–162
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001a}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = Kingship: Early Medieval
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | pages = 359–360
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001b}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = National identity: early medieval and the formation of Alba
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | page = 437
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001c}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = ''Alba'': Pictish homeland or Irish offshoot?
  | work = Exile and Homecoming. Papers from the Fifth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies, University of Sydney, July 2004
  | editor-last = O'Neill
  | editor-first = Pamela
  | year = 2005a
  | series = Sydney Series in Celtic Studies
  | volume = 8
  | isbn = 978-1-86487-742-7
  | location = Sydney
  | publisher = The Celtic Studies Foundation, University of Sydney
  | pages = 234–275 }}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = The Seven Kingdoms in ''De situ Albanie'': A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba
  | editor-first1 = E.J.
  | editor-last1 = Cowan
  | editor-first2 = R. Andrew
  | editor-last2 = McDonald
  | work = Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era
  | publisher = John Donald
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2005b
  | isbn = 978-0-85976-608-1}}
*{{citation
  | last = Broun
  | first = Dauvit
  | title = Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III.
  | year = 2007
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-2360-0
  | publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}
*{{citation
  | last = Bruford
  | first = Alan
  | title = What happened to the Caledonians?
  | editor-first1 = E.J.
  | editor-last1 = Cowan
  | editor-first2 = R. Andrew
  | editor-last2 = McDonald
  | work = Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era
  | publisher = John Donald
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2005
  | isbn = 978-0-85976-608-1}}
*{{citation
  | author-link = Francis John Byrne
  | last = Byrne
  | first = Francis John
  | title = Irish Kings and High-Kings
  | publisher = Batsford
  | location = London
  | year = 1973
  | isbn = 978-0-7134-5882-4}}
*{{citation
  | last = Campbell
  | first = Ewan
  | title = Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots
  | publisher = Canongate
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 1999
  | isbn = 978-0-86241-874-8}}
*{{citation
  | last = Carver
  | first = M.O.H.
  | title = Portmahomack: monastery of the Picts
  | year = 2008
  | publisher = Edinburgh University Press
  | location = Edinburgh
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ajIcKFZwKGAC
  | access-date = February 6, 2010
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-2442-3}}
*{{citation
  | last = Chadwick
  | first = Hector Munro
  | author-link = Hector Munro Chadwick
  | title = Early Scotland: The Picts, The Scots And The Welsh Of Southern Scotland 
  | year = 1949
  | edition = 2013
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | location = Cambridge
  | isbn = 978-1-1076-9391-3}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clancy
  | first = Thomas Owen
  | title = Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'' and the ''Libor Bretnach''
  | editor-last = Taylor
  | editor-first = Simon
  | work = Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297
  | publisher = Four Courts
  | location = Dublin
  | year = 2000
  | isbn = 978-1-85182-516-5}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clancy
  | first = Thomas Owen
  | title = Church institutions: early medieval
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001a}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clancy
  | first = Thomas Owen
  | title = Ireland: to 1100
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001b}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clancy
  | first = Thomas Owen
  | title = Nechtan son of Derile
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001c}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clancy
  | first = Thomas Owen
  | title = Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland
  | editor-last1 = Broun
  | editor-first1 = Dauvit
  | editor-last2 = Clancy
  | editor-first2 = Thomas Owen
  | work = Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
  | year = 1999
  | author-link = John Bannerman (historian)
  | publisher = T.& T.Clark Ltd
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-1803-3}}
*{{citation
  | last = Clarkson
  | first = Tim
  | title = The Picts: A History (New Edition)
  | publisher = Birlinn
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-1780274034
  | year = 2016}}
*{{citation
  | last = Cowan
  | first = E. J.
  | title = Economy: to 1100
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001}}
*{{citation
  | last = Cowan
  | first = E.J.
  | title = The Invention of Celtic Scotland
  | editor-first1 = E.J.
  | editor-last1 = Cowan
  | editor-first2 = R. Andrew
  | editor-last2 = McDonald
  | work = Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era
  | publisher = John Donald
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2005a
  | isbn = 978-0-85976-608-1}}
*{{citation
  | editor-first1 = E.J.
  | editor-last1 = Cowan
  | editor-first2 = R. Andrew
  | editor-last2 = McDonald
  | title = Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era
  | publisher = John Donald
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2005b
  | isbn = 978-0-85976-608-1}}
*{{citation
  | last = Crone
  | first = B. A.
  | title = Crannogs and Chronologies
  | work = Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
  | volume = 123
  | year = 1993
  | pages = 245–254}}
*{{citation
  | last = Dennison
  | first = Patricia
  | title = Urban settlement: to 1750
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001}}
*{{citation
  | last = Driscoll
  | first = Stephen T.
  | title = Burghead
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001}}
*{{citation
  | last1 = Driscoll
  | first1 = Stephen T.
  | last2 = Geddes
  | first2 = Jane
  | last3 = Hall
  | first3 = Mark A.
  | title = Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | year = 2010
  | isbn = 978-90-04-18759-7}}
*{{citation
  | last = Dyer
  | first = Christopher
  | title = Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520
  | publisher = Penguin
  | location = London
  | year = 2003
  | isbn = 978-0-14-025951-3}}
*{{citation
  | last = Evans
  | first = Nicholas
  | chapter = Ideas of origins and ethnicity in Early Medieval Scotland
  | pages = 149–158
  | editor-last = Blackwell
  | editor-first = Alison
  | title = Scotland in Early Medieval Europe
  | publisher = Sidestone Press
  | year = 2019
  | location = Leiden, Netherlands
  | isbn = 9789088907524}}
* {{Cite journal
  | first = Nicholas
  | last = Evans
  | year = 2022
  | title = Picti: from Roman name to internal identity
  | journal = Journal of Medieval History
  | volume = 48
  | issue = 3
  | pages = 291–322
  | doi = 10.1080/03044181.2022.2076723| hdl = 2164/19045
 | s2cid = 249084791
 | hdl-access = free
  }}
*{{Citation
  | last = Forsyth
  | first = K.
  | author-link = Katherine Forsyth
  | title = Language in Pictland : the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish
  | url = http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2081/1/languagepictland.pdf
  | location = Utrecht
  | publisher = de Keltische Draak
  | year = 1997
  | access-date = 4 February 2010}}
*{{Citation
  | last = Forsyth
  | first = K.
  | title = Literacy in Pictland
  | work = Literacy in medieval Celtic societies
  | editor-last = Pryce
  | editor-first = H.
  | year = 1998
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | location = Cambridge
  | url = http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2461/1/PictLit.pdf
  | access-date = 13 December 2012}}
*{{citation
  | last = Forsyth
  | first = Katherine
  | title = Evidence of a lost Pictish Source in the ''Historia Regum Anglorum'' of Symeon of Durham", with an appendix by John T. Koch
  | editor-last = Taylor
  | editor-first = Simon
  | work = Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297
  | publisher = Four Courts
  | location = Dublin
  | year = 2000
  | isbn = 978-1-85182-516-5}}
*{{citation
  | last = Forsyth
  | first = Katherine
  | title = Picts
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001}}
*{{citation
  | last = Forsyth
  | first = K.
  | title = Origins: Scotland to 1100
  | editor-last = Wormald
  | editor-first = J.
  | year = 2005
  | work = Scotland: a History
  | isbn = 978-0-19-820615-6
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | url = https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn
  }} 
*{{citation
  | last= Foster
  | first= Sally M.
  | title= Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland
  | year= 1996
  | publisher = Batsford
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-7134-7486-2}}
*{{citation
  | editor-first = Sally M.
  | editor-last = Foster
  | title = The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections
  | publisher = Four Courts
  | location = Dublin
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 978-1-85182-414-4}}
*{{citation
  | last= Foster
  | first= Sally M.
  | title= Picts, Gaels and Scots
  | edition = Revised
  | year= 2004
  | publisher = Batsford
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-7134-8874-6}}
*{{citation
  | last = Fraser
  | first = Iain
  | year = 2008
  | title = The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland
  | location = Edinburgh
  | publisher = Royal Commission on the Ancienct and Historic Monuments of Scotland
  | isbn = 978-1-9024-1953-4}}
*{{citation
  | last = Fraser
  | first = James E.
  | author-link = James E. Fraser (historian)
  | year = 2009
  | title = From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
  | work = The New Edinburgh History of Scotland
  | volume = 1
  | publisher = Edinburgh University Press
  | location = Edinburgh
  | isbn = 978-0-7486-1232-1}}
*{{citation
  | last = Fraser
  | first = J.E. 
  | title = From Ancient Scythia to ''The Problem of the Picts'': Thoughts on the Quest for Pictish Origins
  | pages = 15–44
  | editor-last = Driscoll
  | editor-first = S.T.
  | editor-last2 = Geddes
  | editor-first2 = J.
  | editor-last3 = Hall
  | editor-first3 = M.A.
  | work = Pictish Progress. New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages
  | year = 2011
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-18759-7}} 
*{{citation
  | last = Geary
  | first = Patrick J.
  | title = Before France and Germany: The creation and transformation of the Merovingian World.
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 1988
  | isbn = 978-0-19-504457-7}}
*{{citation
  | last = Hanson
  | first = W.
  | title = North England and southern Scotland: Roman occupation
  | editor-last = Lynch
  | editor-first = Michael
  | work = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001}}
*{{citation
  | last = Haywood
  | first = John
  | title = Dark Age Naval Power
  | publisher = Anglo-Saxon Books
  | location = Hockwold-cum-Wilton
  | year = 1999
  | isbn = 978-1-898281-22-1}}
*{{citation
  | last = Henderson
  | first = Isabel
  | title = The 'David Cycle' in Pictish Art
  | work = Early medieval sculpture in Britain and Ireland
  | editor-last = Higgitt
  | editor-first = John
  | publisher = British Archaeological Reports
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 1986
  | isbn = 978-0-8605-4383-1}}
*{{citation
  | last = Henderson
  | first = Isabel
  | title = ''Primus inter pares'': the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture
  | editor-first = Sally M.
  | editor-last = Foster
  | work = The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish Masterpiece and Its International Connections
  | publisher = Four Courts
  | location = Dublin
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 978-1-85182-414-4}}
*{{citation
  | last = Higham
  | first = N. J.
  | title = The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100
  | publisher = Sutton
  | location = Stroud
  | isbn = 978-0-86299-730-4| year = 1993
  }}
*{{Citation 
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  |first1=T. Rice 
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  |year=1907 
  |publisher=Clarendon 
  |location=Oxford |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57336/57336-h/57336-h.htm#FNanchor_1845 
  |access-date=15 March 2023 
  |language=en
  |quote= It is usually inferred from statements in Claudian and Herodian that the Picts tattooed themselves
  }}
*{{Citation
  | last = Jackson
  | first = K.
  | author-link = Kenneth H. Jackson
  | contribution = The Pictish Language
  | pages = 129–166
  | editor-last = Wainwright
  | editor-first = F.T.
  | title = The Problem of the Picts
  | year = 1955
  | publisher = Nelson
  | location = Edinburgh}}
*{{citation
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  | first = Siân
  | title = The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present
  | location = London
  | publisher = Routledge
  | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26343774
  | year = 1997
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  | title = Early Irish Farming: a study based mainly on the law-texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD
  | publisher = School of Celtic Studies/Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
  | location = Dublin
  | edition = 2000 reprint
  | isbn = 978-1-8550-0180-0}}
*{{citation
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  | first2 = Jennifer
  | last2 = Laing
  | title = The Picts and the Scots
  | publisher = Sutton
  | location = Stroud
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 978-0-7509-2873-1}}
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  | title = A Latin Dictionary
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  | publisher = Oxford University Press
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  | edition = Perseus Project digitised
  | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059
  | access-date = 14 October 2018}}
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*{{citation
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  | publisher = Oxford University Press
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  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001a}}
*{{citation
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  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = Oxford
  | year = 2001b}}
*{{citation
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  | work = The New History of Scotland
  | publisher = Edinburgh University Press
  | location = Edinburgh
  | year = 2017}}
*{{citation
  | title = Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK
  | ref = {{harvid|Morez et al.|2023}}
  | journal = PLOS Genetics
  | last1 = Morez
  | first1 = Adeline
  | last2 = Britton
  | first2 = Kate
  | last3 = Noble
  | first3 = Gordon
  | last4 = Günther
  | first4 = Torsten
  | first5 = Anders 
  | last5 = Götherström
  | first6 = Ricardo
  | last6 = Rodríguez-Varela
  | first7 = Natalija
  | last7 = Kashuba
  | first8 = Rui
  | last8 = Martiniano
  | first9 = Sahra
  | last9 = Talamo
  | first10 = Nicholas J.
  | last10 = Evans
  | first11 = Joel D.
  | last11 = Irish
  | first12 = Christina
  | last12 = Donald
  | first13 = Linus
  | last13 = Girdland-Flink
  | year = 2023
  | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360
  | volume = 19
  | issue = 4
 | page = e1010360| pmid = 37104250
 | pmc = 10138790
 | doi-access = free
 }}
*{{citation
  | last = Nicolaisen
  | first = W.F.H.
  | title = Scottish Place-Names
  | publisher = John Donald
  | location = Edinburgh
  | date = 2001
  | isbn = 978-0-85976-556-5}}
*{{citation
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  | title = In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Introduction, Translation and Historical Commentary
  | publisher = University of California Press
  | location = Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford
  | date = 1994
  | isbn = 978-0520083264}}
*{{citation
  | last1 = Noble
  | first1 = Gordon
  | last2 = Evans
  | first2 = Nicholas
  | title = The King in the North: The Pictish Realms of Fortriu and Ce
  | publisher = Birlinn Ltd.
  | location = Edinburgh
  | date = 2019
  | isbn =  978-1780275512}}
*{{citation
  | last1 = Noble
  | first1 = Gordon
  | last2 = Evans
  | first2 = Nicholas
  | year = 2022
  | title = Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North
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