Editing Peru (section)

===Wildlife===
{{main|Wildlife of Peru}}
[[File:Rupicola peruvianus Gallito de roca andino Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock (male) (13995875991).jpg|left|thumb|upright=.7|[[Andean cock-of-the-rock]], Peru's national bird]]
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them [[endemism|endemic]],<ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.</ref> and is one of the [[megadiverse]] countries.

Peru has over 1,800 [[species]] of birds (120 [[Endemism|endemic]]), over 500 species of [[mammal]]s, over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater [[fishes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/|title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru|website=www.peruwildlife.info|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... & Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente</ref> The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the [[Puma (genus)|puma]], [[jaguar]] and [[spectacled bear]]. The birds of Peru produce large amounts of [[guano]], an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of [[bass (fish)|sea bass]], [[flounder]], [[anchovies]], [[tuna]], [[crustacean]]s, and [[shellfish]], and is home to many sharks, [[sperm whale]]s, and whales.<ref name="selectlatam" /> The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the "Beetles of Peru" project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more than 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.<ref>Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.</ref>

Peru also has an equally diverse [[Flora of Peru|flora]]. The coastal deserts produce little more than [[cacti]], apart from hilly [[lomas|fog oases]] and river valleys that contain unique plant life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dillon|first1=Michael O.|title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile|url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf|website=sacha.org|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=13 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Highlands above the tree-line known as [[Puna grassland|puna]] is home to bushes, [[cactus]], drought-resistant plants such as [[Jarava ichu|ichu]], and the largest species of [[bromeliad]]&nbsp;– the spectacular [[Puya raimondii]].

The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain [[moss]], [[orchid]]s, and bromeliads, and the [[Amazon rainforest]] is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants.<ref name="selectlatam" /> Peru had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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