Editing Permian (section)

===Marine biota===
Permian marine deposits are rich in [[fossil]] [[Mollusca|mollusks]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Runnegar |first1=Bruce |last2=Newell |first2=Norman Dennis |year=1971 |title=Caspian-like relict molluscan fauna in the South American Permian. |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1092 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History]] |volume=146 |issue=1 |hdl=2246/1092 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401005659/https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1092 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[brachiopod]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Shu-Zhong |last2=Sun |first2=Tian-Ren |last3=Zhang |first3=Yi-Chun |last4=Yuan |first4=Dong-Xun |date=December 2016 |title=An upper Kungurian/lower Guadalupian (Permian) brachiopod fauna from the South Qiangtang Block in Tibet and its palaeobiogeographical implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871174X16300099 |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=519–538 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2016.03.006 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401012347/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871174X16300099 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres-Martinez |first1=M. A. |last2=Vinn |first2=O. |last3=Martin-Aguilar |first3=L. |year=2021 |title=Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico |url=http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-143b113f-b029-446b-8870-3ec06aa0c288 |journal=[[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=131–141 |doi=10.4202/app.00777.2020 |s2cid=232029240 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405011626/http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-143b113f-b029-446b-8870-3ec06aa0c288 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olszewski |first1=Thomas D. |last2=Erwin |first2=Douglas H. |date=15 April 2004 |title=Dynamic response of Permian brachiopod communities to long-term environmental change |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02464?error=cookies_not_supported&code=177f5c5c-48e0-4263-b485-804d5ddb4927 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=428 |issue=6984 |pages=738–741 |pmid=15085129 |doi=10.1038/nature02464 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..738O |s2cid=4396944 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401005648/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02464?error=cookies_not_supported&code=177f5c5c-48e0-4263-b485-804d5ddb4927 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[echinoderm]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donovan |first1=Stephen K. |last2=Webster |first2=Gary D. |last3=Waters |first3=Johnny A. |date=27 September 2016 |title=A last peak in diversity: the stalked echinoderms of the Permian of Timor |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12150 |journal=[[Geology Today]] |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=179–185 |doi=10.1111/gto.12150 |bibcode=2016GeolT..32..179D |s2cid=132014028 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401005648/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12150 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jeffrey R. |last2=Petsios |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Bottjer |first3=David J. |date=18 April 2017 |title=A diverse assemblage of Permian echinoids (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and implications for character evolution in early crown group echinoids |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=767–780 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2016.158 |bibcode=2017JPal...91..767T |s2cid=29250459 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Brachiopods were highly diverse during the Permian. The extinct order [[Productida]] was the predominant group of Permian brachiopods, accounting for up to about half of all Permian brachiopod genera.<ref name="AnnualReview">{{cite journal | title=The Evolution of Brachiopoda | author=Carlson, S.J. | journal=[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]] | date=2016 | volume=44 | pages=409–438 | doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348| bibcode=2016AREPS..44..409C | doi-access=free }}</ref> Brachiopods also served as important ecosystem engineers in Permian reef complexes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xuesong |first1=Tian |last2=Wei |first2=Wang |last3=Zhenhua |first3=Huang |last4=Zhiping |first4=Zhang |last5=Dishu |first5=Chen |date=25 June 2022 |title=Reef-dwelling brachiopods record paleoecological and paleoenvironmental changes within the Changhsingian (late Permian) platform-margin sponge reef in eastern Sichuan Basin, China |url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25023 |journal=[[The Anatomical Record]] |language=en |doi=10.1002/ar.25023 |pmid=35751577 |s2cid=250022284 |issn=1932-8486 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> Amongst [[Ammonoidea|ammonoids]], [[Goniatitida]] were a major group during the Early-Mid Permian, but declined during the Late Permian. Members of the order [[Prolecanitida]] were less diverse. The [[Ceratitida]] originated from the family [[Daraelitidae]] within Prolecanitida during the mid-Permian, and extensively diversified during the Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McGOWAN |first1=Alistair J. |last2=Smith |first2=Andrew B. |title=Ammonoids Across the Permian/Triassic Boundary: A Cladistic Perspective |date=May 2007 |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=573–590 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00653.x |bibcode=2007Palgy..50..573M |issn=0031-0239 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Only three families of [[trilobite]] are known from the Permian, [[Proetidae]], Brachymetopidae and [[Phillipsiidae]]. Diversity, origination and extinction rates during the Early Permian were low. Trilobites underwent a diversification during the Kungurian-Wordian, the last in their evolutionary history, before declining during the Late Permian. By the Changhsingian, only a handful (4–6) genera remained.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lerosey-Aubril |first1=Rudy |title=Quantitative Approach to Diversity and Decline in Late Palaeozoic Trilobites |date=2012 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_16 |work=Earth and Life |pages=535–555 |editor-last=Talent |editor-first=John A. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_16 |isbn=978-90-481-3427-4 |access-date=2021-07-25 |last2=Feist |first2=Raimund |archive-date=2023-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716091941/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Corals exhibited a decline in diversity over the course of the Middle and Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiang-Dong |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-Juan |date=1 January 2007 |title=Extinction patterns of Late Permian (Lopingian) corals in China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X07000170 |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |series=Contributions to Permian and Carboniferous Stratigraphy, Brachiopod Palaeontology and End-Permian Mass Extinctions, In Memory of Professor Yu-Gan Jin |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.009 |issn=1871-174X |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>