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===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Ralph W. |last2=Lodewick |first2=Kenneth |last3=Lodewick |first3=Robin |title=Penstemon Nomenclature |date=1987 |publisher=American Penstemon Society |location=Eugene, Oregon |pages=4β6, 15β16 |oclc=21365444 |edition=2nd |language=en}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Brenzel |editor1-first=Kathleen Norris |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |date=1995 |publisher=Sunset Publishing Corporation |location=Menlo Park, California |isbn=978-0-376-03851-7 |edition=40th Anniversary |url=https://archive.org/details/westerngardenboo00suns |access-date=9 July 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O'Kane, Jr. |first2=Steve L. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |date=2013 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=St. Louis, Missouri |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887 |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}} * {{cite book |title=The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California |last1=Jepson |first1=Willis Linn |author-link1=Willis Linn Jepson |last2=Holmgren |first2=Noel H. |year=1993 |orig-year=1925 |editor-last=Hickman |editor-first=James C. |editor-link=James C. Hickman |edition=First |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-52008255-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jepsonmanualhigh00hick }} * {{cite book |last1=Lindgren |first1=Dale Tennis |last2=Wilde |first2=Ellen M. |last3=American Penstemon Society |title=Growing Penstemons: Species, Cultivars, and Hybrids |date=2003 |publisher=Infinity Publishing |location=Haverford, Pennsylvania |isbn=0-7414-1529-1 |oclc=54110971 |url=https://archive.org/details/growingpenstemon0000lind |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Nold |first1=Robert |title=Penstemons |date=1999 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=0-88192-429-6 |oclc=44962199 |edition=1st |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ronald J. |title=Sagebrush Country : A Wildflower Sanctuary |date=1992 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company |location=Missoula, Montana |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |oclc=1005485280 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/sagebrushcountry00tayl |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Way |first1=David |last2=James |first2=Peter |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Penstemons |date=1998 |publisher=David & Charles Publishers ; Timber Press |location=Newton Abbot, England ; Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-88192-424-4 |oclc=38879416 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00wayd |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=en}} * {{Cite book <!--Deny Citation Bot--> |last1=Neese |first1=Elizabeth C. |chapter=Penstemon |editor-last1=Welsh |editor-first1=Stanley L. |editor-link1=Stanley Larson Welsh |editor-last2=Atwood |editor-first2=N. Duane |editor-last3=Goodrich |editor-first3=Sherel |editor-last4=Higgins |editor-first4=Larry C. |date=1987 |title=A Utah Flora |url=https://archive.org/details/utahflora0000unse/page/243 |url-access=registration |series=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, No. 9 |language=en |edition=First |location=Provo, Utah |publisher=Brigham Young University |jstor=23377658 |oclc=9986953694 |access-date=18 February 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Welsh et al. 1987}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Wetherwax |first1=Margriet |last2=Holmgren |first2=Noel H. |title=The Jepson Manual, Vascular Plants of California, Thoroughly Revised and Expanded |year=2012 |editor1-last=Baldwin |editor1-first=Bruce G. |editor2-last=Goldman |editor2-first=Douglas |editor3-last=Keil |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Patterson |editor4-first=Robert |editor5-last=Rosatti |editor5-first=Thomas J. |editor6-last=Wilken |editor6-first=Dieter |edition=Second |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520253124}} {{Refend}} ;Journal articles {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Olmstead|first1=Richard G.|last2=de Pamphilis|first2=Claude W.|last3=Wolfe|first3=Andrea D.|last4=Young|first4=Nelson D.|last5=Elisons|first5=Wayne J.|last6=Reeves|first6=Patrick A.|date=February 2001|title=Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=88|issue=2|pages=348β361|doi=10.2307/2657024|jstor=2657024|pmid=11222255|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Oxelman|first1=Bengt|last2=Kornhall|first2=Per|last3=Olmstead|first3=Richard G.|last4=Bremer|first4=Birgitta|date=May 2005|title=Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae|journal=Taxon|language=en|volume=54|issue=2|pages=411β425|doi=10.2307/25065369|jstor=25065369|issn=0040-0262}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Andrea D. |last2=Randle |first2=Christopher P. |last3=Datwyler |first3=Shannon L. |last4=Morawetz |first4=Jeffery J. |last5=Arguedas |first5=Nidia |last6=Diaz |first6=Jose |title=Phylogeny, taxonomic affinities, and biogeography of ''Penstemon'' (Plantaginaceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=November 2006 |volume=93 |issue=11 |pages=1699β1713 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.11.1699 |pmid=21642115 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51192402}} {{Refend}} ;Web sources {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Craig C. |title=''Penstemon'' - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon |website=Flora of North America |access-date=9 July 2024 |date=8 December 2021}} * {{cite web |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |title=Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 19.4 |url=https://www.worldplants.de/ |website=World Plants |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=en |date=30 June 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Hassler 2024}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO | author-link1=Plants of the World Online |year=2024 |id=30000992-2 |title=''Penstemon'' Schmidel | access-date=9 July 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024}}}} * {{cite web |last1=WFO | author-link1=World Flora Online |title=''Penstemon'' Schmidel |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000028548 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=4 April 2024 |date=2024 |ref={{sfnref|WFO 2024}}}} * {{cite web |title=''Penstemon'' |url=https://wolfelab.asc.ohio-state.edu/penstemon.php |website=Wolfe Lab |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en |date=2023 |ref={{sfnref|Wolfe Lab 2023}} }} {{Refend}}
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