Editing Peloponnese (section)

====Albanian migration, settlement and relocations to Italy====
[[File:Pelopones ethnic.JPG|thumb|Ethnographic map of the Peloponnese, 1890]]
The same period was also marked by the migration and settlement of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian]] [[Albanians]] to parts of Central Greece and the Peloponnese, a group that eventually became known as the [[Arvanites]]<ref name="WaldmanMason2006">{{cite book | author1 = Carl Waldman | author2 = Catherine Mason | date = 2006 | title = Encyclopedia of European Peoples | publisher = Infobase Publishing | pages = 39| isbn = 978-1-4381-2918-1 | oclc = 466183733 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC}}</ref><ref>Obolensky (1971), p. 8</ref> The Albanians settled in successive waves, often invited by the local rulers. They start appearing more frequently in the historical record from during the second part of the 14th century, when they were being offered arable land, pasture and favorable taxation in exchange for military service.<ref>{{Citation | first = Georgios | last = Liakopoulos | title = The Early Ottoman Peloponnese: a study in the light of an annotated edition princeps of the TT10-1/14662 Ottoman taxation cadastre (ca. 1460-1463) | publisher = Ginko | year = 2019 | page = 213 | quote = "During the rule of Manuel Cantacuzenus in Mystras (1348-1380), Albanians were mentioned in the Veligosti area"... "in the late 1370s and the early 1380s Neri Acciamoli, the lord of Corinth, in his confrontation with the Navarrese recruited [800] Albanian mercenaries"..."By 1391 there was an influx of Albanians that could be hired as mercenaries"... "The Venetians were in need of colonists and soldiers in their depopulated areas and hence offered plots of arable land, pastures and tax exemptions to the wandering Albanians in southern Greece"}}</ref> One of the larger groups of Albanian settlers, amounting to 10,000, settled the Peloponnese during the reign of [[Theodore I Palaiologos]], first in [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] and subsequently in other regions around [[Messenia]], [[Argolis]], [[Elis]] and [[Achaia]]. Around 1418, a second large group arrived, possibly fleeing [[Aetolia]], [[Acarnania]] and [[Arta (regional unit)|Arta]], where Albanian political power had been defeated. The settling Albanians lived in tribes spread out into small villages, practicing nomadic lifestyles based on pastoralism and animal husbandry. By the mid-15th century, they formed a substantial part of the population of the Peloponnesus.<ref>{{Citation | first = Georgios | last = Liakopoulos | title = The Early Ottoman Peloponnese: a study in the light of an annotated edition princeps of the TT10-1/14662 Ottoman taxation cadastre (ca. 1460-1463) | publisher = Ginko | year = 2019 | page = 214 | quote = "...Albanian nomadic clans, who formed populous groups consisting of families, or tribes. They came to the Peloponnese carrying their animals and movable goods and offered military service in return for being allowed to settle, and enjoy free movement and tax exemption."}}</ref> In the second half of the 15th century, Albanians constituted at least one-third of the population of the Peloponnese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Bernd J. |title=A concise history of Albania |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY |isbn=9781139084611 |page=38}}</ref> Military sources of the era (1425) report about 30,000 Albanian men who could carry arms in the Peloponnese.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sasse |first1=Hans-Jürgen |title=Arvanitika: the long Hellenic centuries of an Albanian variety |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1974 |volume=132-134 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtVoAAAAIAAJ |quote=Military reports give us fairly accurate data for the time of the colonization : sources report 30,000 Albanian men fit for military service on the Peloponnese around 1425 .}}</ref> The Greeks tended to live in large villages and cities, while Albanians in small villages.<ref>{{harvnb|Liakopoulos|2015|p=114}}</ref> 

Following Ottoman conquest, many Albanians fled to Italy, settling primarily in nowadays [[Arbereshe people|Arbereshe]] villages of [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]]. On the other hand, in an effort to control the remaining Albanians, during the second half of the 15th century, the Ottomans adopted favorable tax policies towards them, likely in continuation of similar Byzantine practices. This policy had been discontinued by the early 16th century.<ref>{{Citation | first = Georgios | last = Liakopoulos | title = The Early Ottoman Peloponnese: a study in the light of an annotated edition princeps of the TT10-1/14662 Ottoman taxation cadastre (ca. 1460-1463) | publisher = Ginko | year = 2019 | page = 214 | quote = "the main reason for placing them in a different category in the cadastre is the 20% reduction on the ispence encumbrance (20 akces instead of the 25 the Greeks paid). This most probably mirrors a late Byzantine and Venetian practice that the Ottomans adopted to control the intractable Albanians"..."Within half a century, the favorable taxation terms granted to the Albanians had ceased to exist"}}</ref> Throughout the [[Ottoman–Venetian wars]], many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at [[Nafpaktos]], [[Nafplio]], [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], [[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]], [[Koroni]] and [[Pylos]]. Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian [[stratioti]], most of them along with their families, left the Peloponnese to continue their military service under the [[Republic of Venice]] or the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily.<ref>{{harvnb|Biris|1998|p=340}}</ref>

A demographic census by [[Alfred Philippson]], based on fieldwork between 1887 and 1889, found that out of the approximately 730,000 inhabitants of the Peloponnese, and the three neighboring islands of [[Poros]], [[Hydra (island)|Hydra]] and [[Spetses]], Arvanites numbered 90,253, or 12.3% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasse |first=Hans-Jürgen |date=1998 |title=Arvanitika: The long Hellenic centuries of an Albanian variety |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.134.39/html |journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] |issue=134 |page=61 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1998.134.39 |issn=1613-3668 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippson |first=Alfred |date=1890 |editor-last=Supan |editor-first=Alexander Georg |title=Zur ethnographie des Peloponnes |url=https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00256033/ThULB_129489824_1890_Perthes_0043.tif |journal=[[:w:de:Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen|Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen]] |publisher=[[Justus Perthes (publishing company)|Justus Perthes]] |volume=36 |pages=33–34 |issn=0031-6229 |language=de}}</ref>