Editing Pashto (section)

==Writing system==
{{Main|Pashto alphabet}}
Pashto employs the [[Pashto alphabet]], a modified form of the [[Perso-Arabic alphabet]] or [[Arabic script]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Hladczuk |title=International Handbook of Reading Education |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313262531 |page=148 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalhan0000unse_l7a6/page/148 }}</ref> In the 16th century, [[Pir Roshan|Bayazid Pir Roshan]] introduced 13 new letters to the Pashto alphabet. The alphabet was further modified over the years.

The Pashto alphabet consists of 45 to 46 letters<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ullah |first1=Noor |title=Pashto Grammar |date=2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4567-8007-4 |page=5 }}</ref> and 4 diacritic marks. Latin Pashto is also used.<ref>[[BGN/PCGN romanization]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Romanization system for Pashto|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization_Pashto.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619102945/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization_Pashto.pdf|archive-date=2012-06-19|access-date=2012-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NGA: Standardization Policies|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html|archive-date=2013-02-13|work=nga.mil}}</ref> In Latin transliteration, stress is represented by the following markers over vowels: '''ә́''', '''á''', '''ā́''', '''ú''', '''ó''', '''í''' and '''é'''. The following table (read from left to right) gives the letters' isolated forms, along with possible Latin equivalents and typical IPA values:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ا}}</span><br />ā<br />{{IPA|/ɑ, a/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ب}}</span><br />b<br />{{IPA|/b/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|پ}}</span><br />p<br />{{IPA|/p/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ت}}</span><br />t<br />{{IPA|/t/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ټ}}</span><br />ṭ<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ث}}</span><br />(s)<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ج}}</span><br />ǧ<br />{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ځ}}</span><br />g, dz<br />{{IPA|/d͡z/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|چ}}</span><br />č<br />{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|څ}}</span><br />c, ts<br />{{IPA|/t͡s/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ح}}</span><br />(h)<br />{{IPA|/h/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|خ}}</span><br />x<br />{{IPA|/x/}}
|-
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|د}}</span><br />d<br />{{IPA|/d/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ډ}}</span><br />ḍ<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ﺫ}}</span><br />(z)<br />{{IPA|/z/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ﺭ}}</span><br />r<br />{{IPA|/r/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ړ}}</span><br />ṛ<br />{{IPA|/ɺ, ɻ, ɽ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ﺯ}}</span><br />z<br />{{IPA|/z/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ژ}}</span><br />ž<br />{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ږ}}</span><br />ǵ (''or'' ẓ̌)<br />{{IPA|/ʐ, ʝ, ɡ, ʒ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|س}}</span><br />s<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ش}}</span><br />š<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ښ}}</span><br />x̌ (''or'' ṣ̌)<br />{{IPA|/ʂ, ç, x, ʃ/}}
|-
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ص}}</span><br />(s)<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ض}}</span><br />(z)<br />{{IPA|/z/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ط}}</span><br />(t)<br />{{IPA|/t/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ظ}}</span><br />(z)<br />{{IPA|/z/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ع}}</span><br />(ā)<br />{{IPA|/ɑ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|غ}}</span><br />ğ<br />{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ف}}</span><br />f<br />{{IPA|/f/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ق}}</span><br />q<br />{{IPA|/q/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ک}}</span><br />k<br />{{IPA|/k/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ګ}}</span><br />ģ<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ل}}</span><br />l<br />{{IPA|/l/}}
|-
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|م}}</span><br />m<br />{{IPA|/m/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ن}}</span><br />n<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ڼ}}</span><br />ṇ<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ں}}</span><br /> ̃ , ń<br />{{IPA|/◌̃/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|و}}</span><br />w, u, o<br />{{IPA|/w, u, o/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ه}}</span><br />h, a<br />{{IPA|/h, a/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ۀ}}</span><br />ə<br />{{IPA|/ə/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ي}}</span><br />y, i<br />{{IPA|/j, i/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ې}}</span><br />e<br />{{IPA|/e/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ی}}</span><br />ay, y<br />{{IPA|/ai, j/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ۍ}}</span><br />əi<br />{{IPA|/əi/}}
|<span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt">{{lang|ps|ئ}}</span><br />əi, y<br />{{IPA|/əi, j/}}
|}