Editing Panic attack (section)

=== Cardiac mechanism ===
People who have been diagnosed with panic disorder have approximately double the risk of heart disease.<ref name="pmid24923348">{{cite journal |last1=Soares-Filho |first1=Gastao L. F. |last2=Arias-Carrion |first2=Oscar |last3=Santulli |first3=Gaetano |last4=Silva |first4=Adriana C. |last5=Machado |first5=Sergio |last6=Nardi |first6=Alexandre M. Valenca and Antonio E. |last7=Nardi |first7=AE |date=31 July 2014 |title=Chest Pain, Panic Disorder and Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review |journal=CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=992–1001 |doi=10.2174/1871527313666140612141500 |pmid=24923348}}</ref>  Panic attacks can cause chest pain by affecting blood flow in arteries of the heart. During a panic attack, the body's stress response is triggered which can cause the small vessels of the heart to tighten, leading to chest pain. The body's nervous system and rapid breathing during a panic attack can cause spasming of the arteries of the heart (also known as [[vasospasm]]). This can reduce blood flow to the heart, causing damage to heart tissue and chest pain, despite normal heart scans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Jeff C. |last2=Pollack |first2=Mark H. |last3=Stern |first3=Theodore A. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Panic Disorder and Chest Pain: Mechanisms, Morbidity, and Management |url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/panic-disorder-chest-pain-mechanisms-morbidity-management |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.4088/PCC.v04n0203 |issn=2155-7780 |pmc=181226 |pmid=15014745}}</ref>

In individuals with a history of [[coronary artery disease]], panic attacks and stress can make chest pain worse by increasing the heart's need for oxygen. This occurs because increased heart rate, blood pressure, and stress responses (i.e. the sympathetic nervous system) puts more strain on the heart.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soares-Filho |first1=Gastão Luiz |last2=Mesquita |first2=Claudio |last3=Mesquita |first3=Evandro |last4=Arias-Carrión |first4=Oscar |last5=Machado |first5=Sergio |last6=González |first6=Manuel |last7=Valença |first7=Alexandre |last8=Nardi |first8=Antonio |date=2012 |title=Panic attack triggering myocardial ischemia documented by myocardial perfusion imaging study. A case report |journal=International Archives of Medicine |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=24 |doi=10.1186/1755-7682-5-24 |doi-access=free |issn=1755-7682 |pmc=3502479 |pmid=22999016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elevated troponin linked to mental stress ischemia in heart disease patients |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160403195916.htm |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref>