Editing P53 (section)

== Discovery ==
p53 was identified in 1979 by [[Lionel Crawford]], [[David P. Lane]], [[Arnold J. Levine|Arnold Levine]], and [[Lloyd Old]], working at [[Imperial Cancer Research Fund]] (UK) [[Princeton University]]/UMDNJ (Cancer Institute of New Jersey), and [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]], respectively. It had been hypothesized to exist before as the target of the [[SV40]] virus, a strain that induced development of tumors. The name '''p53''' was given in 1979 describing the apparent [[molecular mass]]. {{cn|date=November 2024}}

The ''TP53'' gene from the mouse was first cloned by [[Peter Chumakov]] of [[The Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] in 1982,<ref name="pmid6295732">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chumakov PM, Iotsova VS, Georgiev GP | title = [Isolation of a plasmid clone containing the mRNA sequence for mouse nonviral T-antigen] | language = ru | journal = Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR | volume = 267 | issue = 5 | pages = 1272–5 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6295732 }}</ref> and independently in 1983 by [[Moshe Oren]] in collaboration with [[David Givol]] ([[Weizmann Institute of Science]]).<ref name="pmid6296874">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren M, Levine AJ | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA specific for the murine p53 cellular tumor antigen | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–9 | date = January 1983 | pmid = 6296874 | pmc = 393308 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.1.56 | bibcode = 1983PNAS...80...56O | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid6646235">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zakut-Houri R, Oren M, Bienz B, Lavie V, Hazum S, Givol D | title = A single gene and a pseudogene for the cellular tumour antigen p53 | journal = Nature | volume = 306 | issue = 5943 | pages = 594–7 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6646235 | doi = 10.1038/306594a0 | bibcode = 1983Natur.306..594Z | s2cid = 4325094 }}</ref> The human ''TP53'' gene was cloned in 1984<ref name="pmid6396087" /> and the full length clone in 1985.<ref name="pmid4006916">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zakut-Houri R, Bienz-Tadmor B, Givol D, Oren M | title = Human p53 cellular tumor antigen: cDNA sequence and expression in COS cells | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 1251–5 | date = May 1985 | pmid = 4006916 | pmc = 554332 | doi =  10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03768.x}}</ref>

It was initially presumed to be an [[oncogene]] due to the use of mutated [[cDNA]] following purification of tumor cell [[mRNA]]. Its role as a [[tumor suppressor gene]] was revealed in 1989 by [[Bert Vogelstein]] at the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] and [[Arnold J. Levine|Arnold Levine]] at Princeton University.<ref name="pmid2649981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker SJ, Fearon ER, Nigro JM, Hamilton SR, Preisinger AC, Jessup JM, vanTuinen P, Ledbetter DH, Barker DF, Nakamura Y, White R, Vogelstein B | title = Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas | journal = Science | volume = 244 | issue = 4901 | pages = 217–21 | date = April 1989 | pmid = 2649981 | doi = 10.1126/science.2649981 | bibcode = 1989Sci...244..217B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finlay CA, Hinds PW, Levine AJ | title = The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation | journal = Cell | volume = 57 | issue = 7 | pages = 1083–93 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2525423 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90045-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref> p53 went on to be identified as a transcription factor by [[Guillermina Lozano]] working at [[MD Anderson Cancer Center]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raycroft L, Wu HY, Lozano G | title = Transcriptional activation by wild-type but not transforming mutants of the p53 anti-oncogene | journal = Science | volume = 249 | issue = 4972 | pages = 1049–1051 | date = August 1990 | pmid = 2144364 | doi = 10.1126/science.2144364 | pmc = 2935288 | bibcode = 1990Sci...249.1049R }}</ref>

Warren Maltzman, of the Waksman Institute of Rutgers University first demonstrated that TP53 was responsive to DNA damage in the form of ultraviolet radiation.<ref name="pmid6092932">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maltzman W, Czyzyk L | title = UV irradiation stimulates levels of p53 cellular tumor antigen in nontransformed mouse cells | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 9 | pages = 1689–94 | date = September 1984 | pmid = 6092932 | pmc = 368974 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.4.9.1689 }}</ref> In a series of publications in 1991–92, Michael Kastan of [[Johns Hopkins University]], reported that TP53 was a critical part of a signal transduction pathway that helped cells respond to DNA damage.<ref name="pmid8013425">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kastan MB, Kuerbitz SJ | title = Control of G1 arrest after DNA damage | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 101 | issue = Suppl 5 | pages = 55–8 | date = December 1993 | pmid = 8013425 | pmc = 1519427 | doi = 10.2307/3431842 | jstor = 3431842 }}</ref>

In 1993, p53 was voted ''molecule of the year'' by [[Science (journal)|''Science'']] magazine.<ref name="pmid8266084">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koshland DE | title = Molecule of the year | journal = Science | volume = 262 | issue = 5142 | pages = 1953 | date = December 1993 | pmid = 8266084 | doi = 10.1126/science.8266084 | doi-access =  | bibcode = 1993Sci...262.1953K }}</ref>