Editing Oxford (section)

==Economy==
Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Oxford City Council|title=Economic Profile of Oxford|url=http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decB/Economic_Profile_of_Oxford_occw.htm|access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211515/http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decB/Economic_Profile_of_Oxford_occw.htm |archive-date=2011-10-16}}</ref>

===Car production===
Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since [[Morris Motors]] was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for [[Mini (marque)|Mini]] cars, owned by [[BMW]] since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]]. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of [[British Leyland]] in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] and [[Rover Group|Rover]] brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Publishing===
[[Oxford University Press]], a department of the [[Oxford University|University of Oxford]], is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of [[Wiley-Blackwell]], [[Elsevier]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publishers.org.uk/member/elsevier/ |title=Elsevier |publisher=The Publishers Association |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804121759/https://www.publishers.org.uk/member/elsevier/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and several smaller publishing houses.

===Science and technology===
The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including [[Oxford Instruments]], [[Research Machines]] and [[Sophos]]. The university established [[Isis Innovation]] in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The [[Oxford Science Park]] was established in 1990, and the [[Begbroke Science Park]], owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.<ref>{{cite web|title = Home – Digital Oxford|url = http://digitaloxford.com/|website = Digital Oxford|access-date = 3 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150509055659/http://digitaloxford.com/|archive-date = 9 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Several startups including Passle,<ref>{{cite web|title = Passle – become a thought leader|url = http://passle.net|website = Passle: Don't have time to blog?|access-date = 3 June 2015|archive-date = 28 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025406/https://home.passle.net/|url-status = live}}</ref> Brainomix,<ref>{{cite web|title = Brainomix|url = https://www.brainomix.com/|website = Brainomix|access-date = 5 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091626/https://www.brainomix.com/|archive-date = 8 July 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Labstep,<ref>{{cite web|title = Labstep|url = https://angel.co/labstep|website = angel.co|access-date = 3 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230831/https://angel.co/labstep|archive-date = 3 June 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> and more, are based in Oxford.

===Education===
[[File:Divinity_School_Interior_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|The Divinity School at the [[Bodleian Library]]]]
[[File:Wellington Square Oxford 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wellington Square, Oxford|Wellington Square]], the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration]]
The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of [[Oxford University]] students and graduates, and, especially for [[English as a Foreign or Second Language|EFL education]], use their Oxford location as a selling point.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/learn-english-in-oxford
|title=Learn English in Oxford
|newspaper=Oxford Royale
|publisher=oxford-royale.co.uk
|access-date=25 May 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523195641/http://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/learn-english-in-oxford
|archive-date=23 May 2014
|url-status=live
}}
</ref>

===Tourism===
[[File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Radcliffe_Sq,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|The University Church of St Mary the Virgin]]
[[File:Carfaxtower fromcornmarket.jpg|right|thumb|Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, [[Cornmarket Street|Cornmarket]] and [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]] streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city]]
Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to [[Carfax Tower]] and the [[University Church of St Mary the Virgin|University Church]] of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic [[Covered Market, Oxford|Covered Market]]. In the summer, [[punt (boat)|punting]] on the [[Thames]]/[[river Isis|Isis]] and the [[river Cherwell|Cherwell]] is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1&nbsp;million in 2008, similar in 2009){{update inline|date=May 2024}},<ref>{{cite web|last=Hearn|first=Dan|date=19 August 2009|title=Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821150917/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/|archive-date=21 August 2009|access-date=1 March 2010|work=[[Oxford Mail]]}}</ref> Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.

===Retail===
[[File:High Street in Oxford by Night 2009 LL.jpg|right|thumb|Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets]]
There are two small [[shopping mall]]s in the city centre: the [[Clarendon Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarendon Shopping Centre|url=http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328140642/http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/|archive-date=28 March 2010|access-date=10 January 2010|publisher=Clarendoncentre.co.uk}}</ref> and the [[Westgate Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2009|title=Visit Oxford's premier shopping centre&nbsp;– the Westgate Shopping Centre|url=http://www.oxfordcity.co.uk/shops/westgate/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202190628/http://www.oxfordcity.co.uk/shops/westgate/|archive-date=2 February 2009|access-date=10 January 2010|publisher=Oxfordcity.co.uk}}</ref> The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of [[Queen Street, Oxford|Queen Street]]. A major redevelopment and expansion to {{convert|750000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, with a new {{convert|230000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. [[Blackwell UK|Blackwell's Bookshop]] is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).<ref>
{{cite web|title=Blackwell's Books, Oxford|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232350/http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm|archive-date=25 May 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|publisher=britainexpress.com}}
</ref>

===Brewing===
There is a long history of [[brewing]] in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and [[malting]] appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in [[Brewer Street, Oxford|Brewer Street]] and [[Paradise Street, Oxford|Paradise Street]], near the [[Castle Mill Stream]]. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.<ref name=Woolley78>{{cite journal |last1=Woolley |first1=Liz |year=2010 |title=Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914 |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=LXXV |page=78 |publisher=[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society]] |issn=0308-5562}}</ref> As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.<ref name=Woolley78/> By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.<ref name=Woolley78/> The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in [[Cowley Road]], Hall's [[St Giles, Oxford|St Giles]] Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in [[Queen Street, Oxford|Queen Street]], Le Mills's Brewery in [[St. Ebbes]], [[Morrells Brewing Company|Morrell's]] Lion Brewery in [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]] Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in [[Park End Street]] and Wootten and Cole's [[St Clement's, Oxford|St. Clement's]] Brewery.<ref name=Woolley78/>

The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in [[Paradise Street, Oxford|Paradise Street]], and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Page |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Page (historian) |series=Victoria County History |title=A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing |year=1907 |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] & Co |pages=225–277 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12 |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316074332/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[brewery]] became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by [[Samuel Allsopp & Sons]] in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richmond|first1=Lesley|last2=Turton|first2=Alison|year=1990|title=The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records|isbn=978-0-7190-3032-1|page=165|publisher=Manchester University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921111019/https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq|archive-date=21 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Morrell's Brewing Company|Morrell's]] was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm |title=History of Headington, Oxford |publisher=Headington.org.uk |date=19 April 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323033009/http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> After an acrimonious family dispute the brewery was closed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html |title=Morrells Brewery up for sale |publisher=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232227/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> The beer brand names were taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,<ref>{{cite web |author=www.quaffale.org.uk |url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479 |title=Morrells Brewery Ltd |publisher=Quaffale.org.uk |date=22 September 2001 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122013846/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the 132 [[Tied house|tied]] [[pubs]] were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain [[Fuddruckers]], through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html |title=Jericho Echo |publisher=Pstalker.com |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808010233/http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html |archive-date=8 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new owners sold most of the pubs on to [[Greene King]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm |title=Brewer buys pub chain for £67m |work=BBC News |date=18 June 2002 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112044544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html |title=Brewery site plan nears final hurdle |publisher=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk |date=19 February 2001 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022552/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> Oxford's first legal [[distillery]], the [[Oxford Artisan Distillery]], was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of [[South Park, Oxford|South Park]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/ | date=27 July 2017 | title=Grab a glass: The Oxford Artisan Distillery opens in South Park today | first=Marc | last=Evans | newspaper=[[Oxford Mail]] | access-date=11 September 2021 | archive-date=10 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910211013/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bellfounding===
The [[John Taylor & Co|Taylor family]] of [[Loughborough]] had a [[Bellfounding|bell-foundry]] in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.<ref name=DoveFounders>{{cite web |url=http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php |title=Bell Founders |work=Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers |access-date=8 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010159/http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Wide image|Oxford Skyline Panorama from St Mary's Church - Oct 2006.jpg|800px|The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south ([[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford|Christ Church Cathedral]] on the left and [[Tom Tower]] on the right)}}