Editing Ophthalmology (section)

===Medieval Islam===
{{Main|Ophthalmology in medieval Islam}}
[[Image:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|240px|Anatomy of the Eye, 1200 A.D.]]
Medieval Islamic Arabic and Persian scientists (unlike their classical predecessors) considered it normal to combine theory and practice, including the crafting of precise instruments, and therefore, found it natural to combine the study of the eye with the practical application of that knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science in the Middle Ages|author=David C. Lindberg|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1980|isbn=0-226-48233-2|page=21|author-link=David C. Lindberg}}</ref> [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]], and others beginning with the medieval Arabic period, taught that the crystalline lens is in the exact center of the eye.<ref name="Clinical Ophthalmology">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leffler CT, Hadi TM, Udupa A, Schwartz SG, Schwartz D |title=A medieval fallacy: the crystalline lens in the center of the eye |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |volume=2016 |issue=10 |pages=649–662 |year=2016 |pmc=4833360 |pmid=27114699 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S100708 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This idea was propagated until the end of the 1500s.<ref name="Clinical Ophthalmology"/>

[[Ibn al-Nafis]], an Arabic native of Damascus, wrote a large textbook, ''The Polished Book on Experimental Ophthalmology'', divided into two parts, ''On the Theory of Ophthalmology'' and ''Simple and Compounded Ophthalmic Drugs''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|editor=Helaine Selin|author=David C. Lindberg|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=0792340663|page=410}}</ref>

[[Avicenna]] wrote in his Canon "rescheth", which means "retiformis", and [[Gerard of Cremona]] translated this at approximately 1150 into the new term "retina".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Jong|first1=Paulus T. V. M.|title=From where does "rete" in retina originate?|journal=Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology|date=10 August 2014|volume=252|issue=10|pages=1525–1527|doi=10.1007/s00417-014-2769-1|pmid=25107541|doi-access=free}}</ref>