Editing Odysseus (section)

=== Other tales ===
According to some late sources, most of them purely genealogical, Odysseus had many other children besides [[Telemachus]]. Most such genealogies aimed to link Odysseus with the foundation of many [[Italy|Italic]] cities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} This would seem to contradict ''The Odyssey'', which says that Odysseus's family line can only produce a single child per generation by the order of Zeus, with Telemachus already existing as that sole heir.<ref name="After the Odyssey">{{cite web |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/4-after-the-odyssey/ |title=Zeus in the ''Odyssey'': After the ''Odyssey'' |publisher=[[Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece, Harvard University]] |date=2008 |access-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810093520/https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/4-after-the-odyssey/ |archive-date=10 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>''The Odyssey'', Book 16.117 - 16.120</ref> However, the ''Odyssey'' also notes the existence of Odysseus's sister, Ctimene.<ref name="Women in Odyssey" />

The most famous of the other children are:

* with [[Penelope]]: [[Poliporthes]] (born after Odysseus's return from Troy)
* with [[Circe]]: [[Telegonus (son of Odysseus)|Telegonus]], [[Ardeas]], [[Latinus]], also [[Auson (king)|Auson]] and [[Cassiphone]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades5.html#23| title = Chiliades, 5.23 lines 568–570| access-date = 29 October 2018| archive-date = 30 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090556/http://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades5.html#23| url-status = live}}</ref> [[Xenagoras (historian)|Xenagoras]] writes that Odysseus with Circe had three sons, [[Rhomos|Romos]] ({{langx|grc|Ῥώμος}}), [[Anteias]] ({{langx|grc|Ἀντείας}}) and [[Ardeias]] ({{langx|grc|Ἀρδείας}}), who built three cities and called them after their own names. The city that Romos founded was [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.72.5| title = Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.72.5| access-date = 20 February 2021| archive-date = 16 June 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051817/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.72.5| url-status = live}}</ref>
* with [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]]: [[Nausithous]], [[Nausinous]]
* with [[Callidice of Thesprotia|Callidice]]: [[Polypoetes]]
* with [[Euippe (daughter of Tyrimmas)|Euippe]]: [[Euryalus]]
* with daughter of [[Thoas (king of Aetoila)|Thoas]]: Leontophonus

He figures in the end of the story of King [[Telephus]] of [[Mysia]].

The last poem in the [[Epic Cycle]] is called the ''[[Telegony]]'', and is now lost. According to remaining fragments, it told the story of Odysseus's last voyage to the land of the Thesprotians. There he married the queen [[Callidice of Thesprotia|Callidice]]. Then he led the Thesprotians in a war with their neighbors the Brygoi (Brygi, Brygians) and defeated in battle the neighboring peoples who attacked him. When Callidice died, Odysseus returned home to Ithaca, leaving their son, [[Polypoetes]], to rule Thesprotia.<ref name="CinaethonTelegony">[[Cinaethon of Sparta]], ''[[Telegony]]'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#chap80 summary]</ref> Contradicting the reading of Tiresias's prophecy in ''The Odyssey'' that Odysseus will have a gentle death in old age after making it home,<ref name="After the Odyssey" /><ref>''The Odyssey'', Book 11.135 - 11.136</ref> the ''Telogony'' claims that he met his death at the hands of [[Telegonus (son of Odysseus)|Telegonus]], his son with Circe, after a misunderstanding. Telegonus attacked his father with a poisoned spear, given to him by Circe. Before dying, Odysseus recognized his son. Telegonus then brought back his father's corpse to Aeaea, together with Penelope and Odysseus's son by her, Telemachus. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal. Circe married Telemachus, and Telegonus married Penelope<ref name="CinaethonTelegony" /> by the advice of Athena.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#127 127]</ref>

According to what seems to be later tradition, Odysseus was resurrected by Circe after his death at the hands of Telegonus. Afterward, he married Telemachus to [[Cassiphone]], the daughter he had with Circe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Brill's New Pauly]] | publisher = Brill Reference Online | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/cassiphone-e610200 | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e610200 | last = Visser | first = Edzard | location = Basle | title = Cassiphone | date = 2006 | editor-first1 = Hubert | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider | translator = Christine F. Salazar | access-date = May 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salazar |first=Christine |date=2002–2003 |title=Brill's New Pauly Volume 2 |location=The Netherlands |publisher=Brill Leiden Boston |page=1164 |isbn=9004122656 |url=https://archive.org/details/brillsnewpaulyen0002unse }}</ref>

In 5th century BC [[Athens]], tales of the Trojan War were popular subjects for [[tragedies]]. Odysseus figures centrally or indirectly in a number of the extant plays by [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]] (''[[Ajax (Sophocles)|Ajax]]'', ''[[Philoctetes (Sophocles)|Philoctetes]]'') and [[Euripides]] (''[[Hecuba (play)|Hecuba]]'', ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'', ''[[Cyclops (play)|Cyclops]]'') and figured in still more that have not survived. In his ''Ajax'', Sophocles portrays Odysseus as a modern voice of reasoning compared to the title character's rigid antiquity.

[[Plato]] in his dialogue ''[[Hippias Minor]]'' examines a literary question about whom Homer intended to portray as the better man, Achilles or Odysseus.

[[File:Odysseus -01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Head of Odysseus wearing a [[Pileus (hat)|pileus]] depicted on a 3rd-century BC coin from [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]]]]

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] at the ''[[Description of Greece]]'' writes that at [[Pheneus]] there was a bronze statue of Poseidon, surnamed Hippios ({{langx|grc| Ἵππιος}}), meaning ''of horse'', which according to the legends was dedicated by Odysseus and also a sanctuary of [[Artemis]] which was called Heurippa ({{langx|grc|Εὑρίππα}}), meaning ''horse finder'', and was founded by Odysseus.<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu">{{cite web| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.5| title = Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.14.5| access-date = 20 February 2021| archive-date = 28 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220428171102/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.5| url-status = live}}</ref> According to the legends Odysseus lost his mares and traversed Greece in search of them. He found them on that site in Pheneus.<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu"/> Pausanias adds that according to the people of Pheneus, when Odysseus found his mares he decided to keep horses in the land of Pheneus, just as he reared his cows. The people of Pheneus also pointed out to him writing, purporting to be instructions of Odysseus to those tending his mares.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.6| title = Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.14.6| access-date = 20 February 2021| archive-date = 28 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220428172342/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.6| url-status = live}}</ref>

As Ulysses, he is mentioned regularly in [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' written between 29 and 19 BC, and the poem's hero, [[Aeneas]], rescues one of Ulysses's crew members who was left behind on the island of the Cyclopes. He in turn offers a first-person account of some of the same events Homer relates, in which Ulysses appears directly. Virgil's Ulysses typifies his view of the Greeks: he is cunning but impious, and ultimately malicious and hedonistic.

[[Ovid]] retells parts of Ulysses's journeys, focusing on his romantic involvements with Circe and Calypso, and recasts him as, in [[Harold Bloom]]'s phrase, "one of the great wandering womanizers". Ovid also gives a detailed account of the contest between Ulysses and [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] for the armour of Achilles.

Greek legend tells of Ulysses as the founder of [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], calling it ''Ulisipo'' or ''Ulisseya'', during his twenty-year errand on the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. [[Olisipo]] was Lisbon's name in the Roman Empire. This [[folk etymology]] is recounted by [[Strabo]] based on [[Asclepiades of Myrlea]]'s words, by [[Pomponius Mela]], by [[Gaius Julius Solinus]] (3rd century AD), and would later be reiterated by [[Luís de Camões|Camões]] in his epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'' (first printed in 1572).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

In one version of Odysseus's end, he is eventually turned into a horse by Athena.<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+2.44&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053 2.44] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107130302/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+2.44&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 |date=7 January 2023 }}</ref>