Editing Odesa (section)

== Geography ==
=== Location ===
[[File:Воронцовський маяк.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Vorontsov Lighthouse]] in the Gulf of Odesa. The city is located on the Black Sea.]]
Odesa is located ({{Coord|46|28|N|30|44|E|type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA}}) in the [[Black Sea Lowland]] in [[Southern Ukraine]] which being part of the greater [[Eastern European Plain]] gradually slopes towards the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]]. The city lies on the northwestern coast of the [[Black Sea]] along the southwestern shore of the [[Gulf of Odesa]], approximately {{convert|31|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the estuary of the [[Dniester]] river and some {{convert|443|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the Ukrainian capital [[Kyiv]]. The international border between Ukraine and the [[Republic of Moldova]] lies some {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of the city.

The city is situated on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor. The average elevation at which the city is located is around {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The maximum is {{convert|65|m|ft|abbr=off}} and minimum (on the coast) amounts to {{convert|4.2|m|1|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. There are three large [[estuary|estuaries]] near the city: [[Kuialnyk Estuary|Kuialnyk]], [[Khadzhibey Estuary|Khadzhibey]] and [[Sukhyi Estuary|Sukhyi]].

The city currently covers a territory of {{convert|162.42|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="zakon.rada.gov.ua">{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3064-iii?lang=en|language=uk|website=zakon.rada.gov.ua|title=About change area of Odesa city|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723123133/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3064-iii?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km<sup>2</sup>. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odesa is known for its tree-lined avenues which, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, made the city a favourite year-round retreat for the Russian aristocracy.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The city's location on the coast of the [[Black Sea]] has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} The city's Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation, both for the city's inhabitants and its visitors.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre. Odesa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine,{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated.

The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent [[landslide]]s, resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea. Due to the fluctuating slopes of land, city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas, and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city [[above sea level]] near water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cherkez|first1=E. A.|last2=Dragomyretska|first2=O. V.|last3=Gorokhovich|first3=Y.|date=11 November 2006|title=Landslide protection of the historical heritage in Odessa (Ukraine) |journal=Landslides|volume=3|issue=4|pages=303–309|doi=10.1007/s10346-006-0058-8|bibcode=2006Lands...3..303C |s2cid=17314959}}</ref> Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations.

{{Panorama
| image = File:Odessa panorama.jpg
| fullwidth = 2400
| fullheight = 518
| caption = {{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of central Odesa, as seen from the [[Black Sea]]}}
| alt =
| height = 250
}}

=== Climate ===
Odesa has a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'', using the {{convert|0|C|disp=sqbr}} isotherm), bordering a [[Cold semi-arid climate|cold semi-arid]] (''BSk'') as well as a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer [[tourism in Ukraine|tourism]]. During the tsarist era, Odesa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. This resulted in the development of [[spa]] culture and the establishment of a number of [[luxury hotel]]s in the city. The average annual temperature of the sea is {{convert|13|-|14|C}}. Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of {{convert|6|C}} from January to March, to {{convert|23|C}} in August. Typically, for a total of 4 months – from June to September – the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city's bay area exceeds {{convert|20|C}}.<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/ukraine/odessa.php|title=Odessa Climate Guide|access-date=5 June 2009|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005121556/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/ukraine/odessa.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city typically experiences dry, cold winters which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they are marked by temperatures that rarely fall below {{convert|-10|C}}. Summers see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching the high 20s and low 30s °C. [[Snow]] cover is light to moderate due to the city's location on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and municipal services rarely experience problems that can often be found in other, more northern Ukrainian cities. The city hardly ever faces [[sea ice]] formation.

{{Weather box
|location = Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 15.7
| Feb record high C = 19.2
| Mar record high C = 24.8
| Apr record high C = 29.4
| May record high C = 33.3
| Jun record high C = 37.2
| Jul record high C = 39.3
| Aug record high C = 38.0
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 31.1
| Nov record high C = 26.0
| Dec record high C = 16.9
| year record high C = 39.3
| Jan high C = 2.3
| Feb high C = 3.4
| Mar high C = 7.7
| Apr high C = 13.6
| May high C = 20.3
| Jun high C = 25.1
| Jul high C = 27.9
| Aug high C = 27.7
| Sep high C = 21.8
| Oct high C = 15.3
| Nov high C = 9.1
| Dec high C = 4.2
| year high C = 14.9
| Jan mean C = -0.4
| Feb mean C = 0.4
| Mar mean C = 4.3
| Apr mean C = 10.0
| May mean C = 16.2
| Jun mean C = 20.8
| Jul mean C = 23.4
| Aug mean C = 23.1
| Sep mean C = 17.8
| Oct mean C = 12.0
| Nov mean C = 6.3
| Dec mean C = 1.5
| year mean C = 11.3
| Jan low C = -2.7
| Feb low C = -2.1
| Mar low C = 1.6
| Apr low C = 6.9
| May low C = 12.6
| Jun low C = 16.9
| Jul low C = 19.1
| Aug low C = 18.5
| Sep low C = 14.0
| Oct low C = 8.9
| Nov low C = 3.9
| Dec low C = -0.8
| year low C = 8.1
| Jan record low C = -26.2
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -16.0
| Apr record low C = -5.9
| May record low C = 0.3
| Jun record low C = 5.2
| Jul record low C = 7.5
| Aug record low C = 7.9
| Sep record low C = -0.8
| Oct record low C = -13.3
| Nov record low C = -14.6
| Dec record low C = -19.6
| year record low C = -28.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 43
| Feb precipitation mm = 35
| Mar precipitation mm = 35
| Apr precipitation mm = 28
| May precipitation mm = 39
| Jun precipitation mm = 47
| Jul precipitation mm = 45
| Aug precipitation mm = 40
| Sep precipitation mm = 44
| Oct precipitation mm = 37
| Nov precipitation mm = 39
| Dec precipitation mm = 38
| year precipitation mm = 470
| Jan snow depth cm = 2
| Feb snow depth cm = 2
| Mar snow depth cm = 1
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 0
| Dec snow depth cm = 1
| year snow depth cm = 2
| Jan rain days = 9
| Feb rain days = 7
| Mar rain days = 10
| Apr rain days = 11
| May rain days = 12
| Jun rain days = 13
| Jul rain days = 10
| Aug rain days = 8
| Sep rain days = 9
| Oct rain days = 10
| Nov rain days = 13
| Dec rain days = 10
| year rain days = 122
| Jan snow days = 11
| Feb snow days = 10
| Mar snow days = 6
| Apr snow days = 0.4
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.2
| Nov snow days = 4
| Dec snow days = 9
| year snow days = 41
| Jan humidity = 83.9
| Feb humidity = 81.6
| Mar humidity = 76.7
| Apr humidity = 72.8
| May humidity = 71.3
| Jun humidity = 69.1
| Jul humidity = 65.0
| Aug humidity = 62.8
| Sep humidity = 70.5
| Oct humidity = 77.4
| Nov humidity = 82.6
| Dec humidity = 84.1
| year humidity = 74.8
| Jan sun = 55
| Feb sun = 88
| Mar sun = 153
| Apr sun = 219
| May sun = 299
| Jun sun = 315
| Jul sun = 348
| Aug sun = 323
| Sep sun = 239
| Oct sun = 158
| Nov sun = 63
| Dec sun = 48
| year sun = 2308
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru<ref name = pogoda>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33837.htm
| script-title = ru:Погода и Климат – Климат Одессы
| trans-title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Odesa
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| archive-date = 16 August 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130816220319/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33837.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity and sun 1991–2020)<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422015149/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/Odesa_33837.csv |archive-date=22 April 2025 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/ODESA_33837.csv |title=Odesa Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |format=CSV |access-date=21 April 2025 }}</ref>
}}