Editing Nursultan Nazarbayev (section)

=== Domestic policy ===
====Economic issues====
{{See also|Economy of Kazakhstan}}
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan faced mass unemployment and emigration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2020|title=The legacy of Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakh history|url=http://businessworld.in/article/The-legacy-of-Nursultan-Nazarbayev-in-Kazakh-history/06-07-2020-294443|access-date=7 June 2021|website=Businessworld|language=en}}</ref> Nazarbayev was viewed to have followed Russia's economic reforms starting with price liberalisations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pomfret|first=Richard|date=2005|title=Kazakhstan's Economy since Independence: Does the Oil Boom offer a Second Chance for Sustainable Development?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30043927|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=57|issue=6|pages=859–876|doi=10.1080/09668130500199467|jstor=30043927|s2cid=153486808|issn=0966-8136}}</ref> On 3 January 1992, he signed a decree "On measures to liberalise prices", an attempt to stabilise the country's socio-economic situation and form a [[market economy]] within Kazakhstan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=8 January 2017|title="Черный" понедельник|url=https://e-history.kz/ru/news/show/3873/|access-date=7 June 2021|website=e-history.kz|language=ru}}</ref> This resulted in a rapid inflation of goods, causing discontent amongst citizens, thus forcing Nazarbayev on 12 January to sign a "On additional measures for social protection of the population in the context of price liberalisation" which established partial state-regulated prices on bread, bakery products and flour.<ref name=":8"/>

Throughout the 1990s, privatisation and banking reforms took place in Kazakhstan. In June 1994, Nazarbayev amended the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]]'s Economic Memorandum for the next three years, which has been defined as an economic strategy. It included strict measures to reform the economy and establish macroeconomic stability and set the task of carrying out rapid and vigorous privatization. During the introduction of the [[National Bank of Kazakhstan]] in December 1993, significant changes were made in which all specialized banks were transformed into a joint stock company, and the National Bank was granted a number of powers. In March 1995, Nazarbayev signed decree setting the National Bank as an independent entity that is accountable only for the head of state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2013|title=Institutional reforms. Economic development|url=https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9700/|access-date=29 January 2021|website=e-history.kz|language=ru}}</ref>

Kazakhstan managed to avoid full impact from the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] and [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], due to lack of high liquid investments. Nazarbayev pledged for to continue in advancing for an "independent, open and free market economy."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gleason|first=Gregory |url=https://demokratizatsiya.pub/archives/07-2_gleason.pdf|title=The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Political Dynamics in Central Asia|year=2004|pages=248}}</ref> Starting from early 2000's, the Kazakh economy faced huge growth thanks to its development in energy sector and high oil prices. Nazarbayev published his manifesto: ''Prosperity, Security and the Ever-Growing Welfare of all Kazakhstanis'' in 2000, where he wrote that "today we are building a new state, a new market economy and a new democracy, and this—at the very time when many other independent states have already trodden that path similar enough."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazarbayev |first=Nursultan |url=https://extranet.who.int/countryplanningcycles/sites/default/files/planning_cycle_repository/kazakhstan/ndp_kazakhstan.pdf|title=Prosperity, Security and Ever Growing Welfare of All the Kazakhstanis|year=2000}}</ref>

In October 2008, during the [[2008 financial crisis]], Nazarbayev assured the nation that it would deal with the crisis by introducing a rescue package amounted to 10% of the country's GDP, of which was funded thanks in part to the national sovereign wealth fund.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Olcott|first=Martha Brill|date=12 December 2011|title=Kazakhstan at 20|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2011/12/kazakhstan-at-20?lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801101410/https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/12/kazakhstan-at-20-pub-46194|url-status=live|archive-date=1 August 2019|access-date=7 June 2021|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|language=en}}</ref> In his state of address on 6 March 2009, he announced 350,000 jobs for workers in the spheres of infrastructure projects as well as the creation of the [[Eurasian Land Bridge]].

Since 2014, Nazarbayev has set strategic priority in Kazakhstan for economic diversification which would maintain the country's stability by avoiding the effects from its oil export reliance that would affect the economy through its constant price downfalls.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Voloshin|first=George|date=13 March 2018|title=Economic Diversification Key to Kazakhstan's Future Stability|url=https://jamestown.org/program/economic-diversification-key-kazakhstans-future-stability/|access-date=7 June 2021|website=Jamestown|publisher=Eurasia Daily Monitor|language=en-US}}</ref>

=====Eurasian Economic Union=====
[[File:The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.webm|thumb|thumbtime=2:17|300px|The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]], on 29 May 2014)]]
In 1994, Nazarbayev suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" during a speech at [[Moscow State University]].<ref>[http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=514131 ''Holding-Together Regionalism: Twenty Years of Post-Soviet Integration'']. Libman A. and Vinokurov E. (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012, p. 220.)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.eaeunion.org/upload/iblock/006/1994_1_1.jpg|title=Президент Республики Казахстан Н. А. Назарбаев о евразийской интеграции. Из выступления в Московском государственном университете им. М. В. Ломоносова 29 марта 1994 г.|access-date=25 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232307/http://www.eaeunion.org/upload/iblock/006/1994_1_1.jpg|archive-date = 23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Alexandrov, Mikhail. ''Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997.'' Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 229. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30965-6}}</ref> On 29 May 2014, alongside Russian President Vladimir Putin and Belarusian President [[Alexander Lukashenko|Aleksandr Lukashenko]], Nazarbayev signed the founding treaty of the Eurasian Union (EEU) in Astana, paving the way for the transition from their current customs union to the full-fledged EEU on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union in Astana |url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/29-05-2014-1.aspx|newspaper=[[Eurasian Economic Commission]] |language=en |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> Nazarbayev named Honorary Chairman of Supreme Eurasian Economic Council in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inform.kz/en/nazarbayev-named-honorary-chairman-of-supreme-eurasian-economic-council_a3531719|title=Nazarbayev named "Honorary Chairman" of Supreme Eurasian Economic Council|work=Kazinform|date=29 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529111011/https://www.inform.kz/en/nazarbayev-named-honorary-chairman-of-supreme-eurasian-economic-council_a3531719|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy=====
[[File:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy Logo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy]] logo]]
Nazarbayev unveiled in his 2012 State of the Nation the [[Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy]], a long-term strategy to ensure future growth prospects of Kazakhstan, and position Kazakhstan as one of the top 30 most developed nations in the world.<ref name="kz2050">{{cite web|title=Strategy 2050: Kazakhstan's Road Map to Global Success|date=18 April 2013|url=http://www.edgekz.com/by-martin-sieff-2.html|publisher=EdgeKZ|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113125609/http://www.edgekz.com/by-martin-sieff-2.html|archive-date=13 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Nurly Zhol=====
{{See also|Nurly Zhol}}
President Nazarbayev unveiled in 2014 a multibillion-dollar domestic modernization and reformation plan called ''Nurly Zhol – The Path to the Future''.<ref name="NZ">{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan's Nurly Zhol and China's Economic Belt of the Silk Road: Confluence of Goals|url=https://astanatimes.com/2015/09/kazakhstans-nurly-zhol-and-chinas-economic-belt-of-the-silk-road-confluence-of-goals/|work=The Astana Times|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071810/https://astanatimes.com/2015/09/kazakhstans-nurly-zhol-and-chinas-economic-belt-of-the-silk-road-confluence-of-goals/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It was officially approved by the Decree of the President on 6 April 2015. The goal of the plan was for development and improvement of tourist, industrial and housing infrastructure, create 395,500 new jobs, and increase the GDP growth rate 15.7 by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nurly Zhol Infrastructure Development Program for 2015-2019|url=https://primeminister.kz/en/documents/gosprograms/nurlyzhol|access-date=25 October 2020|website=primeminister.kz|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213135/https://primeminister.kz/en/documents/gosprograms/nurlyzhol|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2019, it was announced that the program would be extended to 2025 with its new agenda being focused on developing road infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2019|title=State Program Nurly Zhol to Be Extended until 2025|url=https://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/plan-of-nation/page_201739_state-program-nurly-zhol-to-be-extended-until-2025|access-date=25 October 2020|website=Kazakh-tv.kz|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212837/https://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/plan-of-nation/page_201739_state-program-nurly-zhol-to-be-extended-until-2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Minister of Infrastructure and Development [[Beibut Atamkulov]], it is planned that 27,000 kilometres of local roads will be repaired, with 21,000 kilometres of national roads being reconstructed and repaired.<ref name="astanatimes_2020-10-08">{{Cite web|last=Satubaldina|first=Assel|date=8 October 2020|title=Over 10,000 Candidates Participate in Nur Otan Party Primaries, as Party Concludes First Stage|url=https://astanatimes.com/2020/10/over-10000-candidates-participate-in-nur-otan-party-primaries-as-party-concludes-first-stage/|access-date=25 October 2020|website=The Astana Times|language=en}}</ref>

=====Digital Kazakhstan=====
President Nazarbayev unveiled this technological modernization initiative to increase Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness through the digital ecosystem development.<ref>{{cite news|title=Digital Kazakhstan initiative presented at Web Summit 2017|url=https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/digital-kazakhstan-initiative-presented-at-web-summit-2017/|work=The Astana Times|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023154/https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/digital-kazakhstan-initiative-presented-at-web-summit-2017/|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>