Editing Noise pollution (section)

====Stress recorded in physiological and behavioral responses====
[[File:20220623 Noise pollution. Tomaszów Mazowiecki (60,000 population town), residential area.oga|thumb|An exaggerated sound from machines used for the care of greenery. A four-story apartments complex area in [[Tomaszów Mazowiecki]], Poland ]]
Many of the studies that were conducted on invertebrate exposure to noise found that a physiological or behavioral response was triggered. Most of the time, this related to stress, and provided concrete evidence that marine invertebrates detect and respond to noise. Some of the most informative studies in this category focus on [[Hermit crab|hermit crabs]]. In one study, it was found that the behavior of the hermit crab ''[[Pagurus bernhardus]]'', when attempting to choose a shell, was modified when subjected to noise.<ref name="Walsh_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walsh EP, Arnott G, Kunc HP | title = Noise affects resource assessment in an invertebrate | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | page = 20170098 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28404823 | pmc = 5414699 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0098 }}</ref>

Proper selection of hermit crab shells strongly contributes to their ability to survive. Shells offer protection against predators, high salinity and desiccation.<ref name="Walsh_2017" /> However, researchers determined that approach to shell, investigation of shell, and habitation of shell, occurred over a shorter time duration with anthropogenic noise as a factor. This indicated that assessment and decision-making processes of the hermit crab were both altered, even though hermit crabs are not known to evaluate shells using any auditory or mechanoreception mechanisms.<ref name="Walsh_2017" />

In another study that focused on ''Pagurus bernhardus'' and the [[blue mussel]] (''Mytilus edulis''), physical behaviors exhibited a stress response to noise. When the hermit crab and mussel were exposed to different types of noise, significant variation in the valve gape occurred in the blue mussel.<ref name="Breithaupt_2020">{{cite conference | vauthors = Breithaupt T, Elliott M, Roberts L, Simpson S, Bruintjes R, Harding H, Radford A, Voellmy IK, Harding HR, Voellmy I, Simpson SD | title = Exposure of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration: From laboratory experiments to outdoor simulated pile-driving. | series = Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics | conference = Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics | date = April 2020 | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | page = 010029 | publisher = Acoustical Society of America | doi = 10.1121/2.0000324 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10871/30440 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The hermit crab responded to the noise by lifting the shell off of the ground multiple times, then vacating the shell to examine it before returning inside.<ref name="Breithaupt_2020" /> The results from the hermit crab trials were ambiguous with respect to causation; more studies must be conducted in order to determine whether the behavior of the hermit crab can be attributed to the noise produced.

Another study that demonstrates a stress response in invertebrates was conducted on the [[longfin inshore squid]] (''Doryteuthis pealeii''). The squid was exposed to sounds of construction known as pile driving, which impacts the sea bed directly and produces intense substrate-borne and water-borne vibrations.<ref name="Roberts_2017" /> The squid reacted by jetting, inking, pattern change and other startle responses.<ref name="Jones_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones IT, Stanley JA, Mooney TA | title = Impulsive pile driving noise elicits alarm responses in squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 150 | pages = 110792 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31910530 | doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110792 | bibcode = 2020MarPB.15010792J | s2cid = 210086977 | doi-access =  }}</ref> Since the responses recorded are similar to those identified when faced with a predator, it is implied that the squid initially viewed the sounds as a threat. However, it was also noted that the alarm responses decreased over a period of time, signifying that the squid had likely acclimated to the noise.<ref name="Jones_2020" /> Regardless, it is apparent that stress occurred in the squid, and although further investigation has not been pursued, researchers suspect that other implications exist that may alter the squid's survival habits.<ref name="Jones_2020" />

An additional study examined the impact noise exposure had on the [[Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin]] (''Sousa chinensis''). The dolphins were exposed to elevated noise levels due to construction in the Pearl River Estuary in China, specifically caused by the world's largest vibration hammer—the OCTA-KONG.<ref name=":17">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Z, Wu Y, Duan G, Cao H, Liu J, Wang K, Wang D | title = Assessing the underwater acoustics of the world's largest vibration hammer (OCTA-KONG) and its potential effects on the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = e110590 | date = 2014-10-22 | pmid = 25338113 | pmc = 4206436 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0110590 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9k0590W | doi-access = free }}</ref> The study suggested that while the dolphin's clicks were not affected, their whistles were because of susceptibility to [[auditory masking]].<ref name=":17" /> The noise from the OCTA-KONG was found to have been detectable by the dolphins up to 3.5&nbsp;km away from the original source, and while the noise was not found to be life-threatening it was indicated that prolonged exposure to this noise could be responsible for auditory damage.<ref name=":17" />