Editing Napoleon (section)

====Temporary peace in Europe====
{{See also|Haitian Revolution}}
[[File:Louisiana_Purchase.png|thumb|222x222px|The 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]] totalled {{convert|827,987|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|order=flip}}, doubling the size of the United States.]]
After a decade of war, France and Britain signed the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial [[Concordat of 1801]] with [[Pope Pius VII]] under which the pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France. In a further step towards national reconciliation (known as "fusion"), Bonaparte offered an amnesty to most émigrés who wished to return to France.<ref>{{Harvp|Zamoyski|2018|pp=313-15}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Dwyer|2013|pp=79-84}}</ref>

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad.<ref>{{harvp|Lyons|1994|pp=111–114}}</ref> In May 1802, the Council of State recommended a [[1802 French constitutional referendum|new plebiscite]] asking the French people to make "Napoleon Bonaparte" consul for life. (It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime.)<ref>{{Harvp|Zamoyski|2018|p=319}}</ref> About 3.6 million voted "yes" and 8,374 "no." 40%-60% of eligible Frenchmen voted, the highest turnout for a plebiscite since the revolution.<ref>{{Harvp|Zamoyski|2018|p=319-20}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Dwyer|2013|pp=100-102}}</ref>

France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in February 1794, but in May 1802 Bonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except [[Saint-Domingue]] and [[Guadeloupe]] which were under the control of rebel generals. A French military expedition under [[Antoine Richepance|Antoine Richepanse]] regained control of Guadeloupe, and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Regent |first=Frédéric |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4443-3564-4 |editor-last=McPhee |editor-first=Peter |pages=409–12 |chapter=Slavery and the Colonies}}</ref>

[[File:5f Bonabarte Premier consul - AN XI 1802.png|thumb|Silver 5 [[French franc|francs]] coin depicting Napoleon as [[French Consulate|First Consul]] from AN XI, 1802 |left]]

Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies {{En dash}} a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo {{En dash}} but was under the control of the former slave [[Toussaint Louverture]].<ref>{{Harvp|Zamoyski|2018|p=329}}</ref> Bonaparte sent the [[Saint-Domingue expedition]] under his brother-in-law General [[Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)|Charles Leclerc]] to retake the colony, and they landed there in February 1802 with 29,000 men. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]. In May 1803 Bonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of [[Haiti]] in 1804.<ref>Christer Petley (2018), ''White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution'', Oxford University Press, p. 182.</ref>{{sfnp|Roberts|2014|p=303}}

As war with Britain again loomed in 1803, Bonaparte realized that his American [[Louisiana Territory|colony of Louisiana]] would be difficult to defend.<ref>{{Harvp|Zamoyski|2018|p=337}}</ref> In need of funds, he agreed to the [[Louisiana Purchase]] with the United States, doubling the latter's size. The price was $15&nbsp;million.<ref name="Roberts, Andrew 201422">{{harvp|Roberts|2014|loc=Introduction}}</ref>{{sfnp|Connelly|2006|p=70}}{{sfnp|Broers|2015|pp=389-390}} The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate [[Malta]] as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his [[Act of Mediation]], which established a [[Switzerland in the Napoleonic era|Swiss Confederation]]. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India.<ref>{{harvp|McLynn|1997|p=265}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Dwyer|2013|pp=110-13}}</ref> The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between 18 and 60 years old in France and its dependencies as a [[prisoner of war]].{{sfnp|Zamoyski|2018|pages=338–339}}