Editing NATO (section)

===Libya intervention===
{{Main|2011 military intervention in Libya}}
[[File:Palmaria bengasi 1903 0612 b1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libyan Army]] [[Palmaria (artillery)|Palmaria howitzers]] destroyed by the [[French Air and Space Force|French Air Force]] near [[Benghazi]] in March 2011|alt=Pieces of a destroyed tank, notably the gun turret, lie on a sandy landscape.]]

During the [[First Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], violence between protesters and the Libyan government under Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]] escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]], which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2011 |title=Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions |url=https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709220438/https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases}}</ref> A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards, beginning with [[Opération Harmattan]] by the [[French Air and Space Force|French Air Force]] on 19 March.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anrig |first=Christian F. |date=2011 |title=Allied Air Power over Libya: A Preliminary Assessment |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/abb1b09c31ecadb5805d35846d29d18f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26498 |journal=[[Air & Space Power Journal]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1}}</ref>

On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with [[Operation Unified Protector]] using ships from NATO [[Standing NRF Maritime Group 1|Standing Maritime Group&nbsp;1]] and [[Standing NRF Mine Countermeasures Group 1|Standing Mine Countermeasures Group&nbsp;1]],<ref name="NATOSecGen1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease|title=Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo|publisher=NATO|date=22 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121505/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease|archive-date=28 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and additional ships and submarines from NATO members.<ref name="NATOPressBriefing1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en|title=Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu, Brigadier General Pierre St-Amand, Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi, spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee|publisher=NATO|date=23 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121332/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en|archive-date=28 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> They would "monitor, report and, if needed, [[interdiction|interdict]] vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or [[mercenary|mercenaries]]".<ref name="NATOSecGen1"/>

On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition's forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217004750/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|title=NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation; allied planes hit ground forces|date=25 March 2011|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html|title=NATO to police Libya no-fly zone|website=English.aljazeera.net|date=24 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326033949/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html|archive-date=26 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574 |title= UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation |work= Jerusalem Post |agency= se |first= Arieh |last= O'Sullivan |date= 31 March 2011 |access-date= 29 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106134641/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574 |archive-date= 6 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member states were participating in combat operations,<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/6/9/worldupdates/2011-06-09T025953Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-575860-1&sec=Worldupdates "NATO strikes Tripoli, Gaddafi army close on Misrata"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030653/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F6%2F9%2Fworldupdates%2F2011-06-09T025953Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-575860-1&sec=Worldupdates |date=12 August 2011 }}, Khaled al-Ramahi. ''Malaysia Star''. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011</ref> resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary [[Robert Gates]] and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany with Gates calling on the latter to contribute more and the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict.<ref>Coughlin, Con (9 June 2011). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304259304576375293567474306?mod=googlenews_wsj "Political Gridlock at NATO"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140850/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304259304576375293567474306?mod=googlenews_wsj |date=10 October 2017 }}, ''Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved 9 June 2011</ref><ref>[https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-nato-20110609,0,6023643.story "Gates Calls on NATO Allies to Do More in Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314100915/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-09-la-fg-libya-nato-20110609-story.html |date=14 March 2022 }}, Jim Garamone. US Department of Defense. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011</ref><ref>Cloud, David S. (9 June 2011). [https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-nato-20110609,0,6023643.story "Gates calls for more NATO allies to join Libya air campaign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314100911/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-09-la-fg-libya-nato-20110609-story.html |date=14 March 2022 }}, ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 9 June 2011</ref> In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.<ref>Burns, Robert (10 June 2011). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/10/gates-blasts-nato-questions-future-alliance/?page=all "Gates blasts NATO, questions future of alliance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213305/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/10/gates-blasts-nato-questions-future-alliance/?page=all |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''Washington Times''. Retrieved 29 January 2013</ref> The German foreign ministry pointed to "a&nbsp;considerable [German] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations" and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama.<ref>Birnbaum, Michael (10 June 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gates-rebukes-european-allies-in-farewell-speech/2011/06/10/AG9tKeOH_story.html "Gates rebukes European allies in farewell speech"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gates-rebukes-european-allies-in-farewell-speech/2011/06/10/AG9tKeOH_story.html |date=25 August 2017 }}, ''Washington Post''. Retrieved 10 June 2011.</ref>

While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day (10 June) announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August.<ref>Amland, Bjoern H. (10 June 2011). [https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-to-quit-libya-operation-by-august-2011jun10-story.html "Norway to quit Libya operation by August"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165833/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-to-quit-libya-operation-by-august-2011jun10-story.html |date=11 April 2020 }}, Associated Press.</ref> Earlier that week it was reported [[Royal Danish Air Force|Danish air fighters]] were running out of bombs.<ref>[http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110610/world/Danish-planes-running-out-of-bombs.369868 "Danish planes running out of bombs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612163628/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110610/world/Danish-planes-running-out-of-bombs.369868 |date=12 June 2011 }}, ''Times of Malta''. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120724041541/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=6770530&c=EUR&s=AIR "Danish Planes in Libya Running Out of Bombs: Report"], ''Defense News''. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011</ref> The following week, the head of the [[Royal Navy]] said the country's operations in the conflict were not sustainable.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573849/Navy-chief-Britain-cannot-keep-up-its-role-in-Libya-air-war-due-to-cuts.html "Navy chief: Britain cannot keep up its role in Libya air war due to cuts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913110403/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573849/Navy-chief-Britain-cannot-keep-up-its-role-in-Libya-air-war-due-to-cuts.html |date=13 September 2018 }}, James Kirkup. ''The Telegraph''. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013</ref> By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/ |title= NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is 'surprising' |newspaper= The Washington Post |agency= [[UPI]] |date= 11 October 2011 |access-date= 29 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131016020425/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/ |archive-date= 16 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-21/Libya-NATO/50858104/1?csp=34news|title=NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere |access-date=22 October 2011 | work=USA Today |date=21 October 2011}}</ref> A report from the organization [[Human Rights Watch]] in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/ |title= How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya? |first= Ishaan |last= Tharoor |date= 16 May 2012 |access-date= 9 April 2016 |magazine= Time Magazine |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032328/http://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/ |archive-date= 1 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following a [[2013 Libyan coup d'état attempt|coup d'état attempt]] in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister [[Ali Zeidan]] requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021 |title= NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces |work= Reuters |first= Adrian |last= Croft |access-date= 1 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150930090823/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/21/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021 |archive-date= 30 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>