Editing Muslim conquests of Afghanistan (section)

===Other regions===

====Ghur====

Tabari records that in 667 AD, [[Ziyad ibn Abih|Ziyad b. Abihi]] had sent Hakam b. 'Amr al-Ghafri to Khorasan as [[Amir]]. Hakam raided [[Ghur]] and Farawanda, bringing them to submission through force of arms and conquered them. He obtained captives and a large amount of plunder from them. A larger expedition was undertaken under [[Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri]], the governor of Khorasan, who raided Gharchistan in 725, receiving its submission as well as the conversion of its king to Islam. He next attacked Ghur whose residents hid their valuables in an inaccessible cave, but he was able to plunder the wealth by lowering his men in crates.<ref name=Variorum>{{cite book|title=The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia|pages= 143–144|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1977|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref>

Asad's success prompted him to undertake a second expedition in 108-109 AH against Ghur. The poet Thabit Qutna's eulogical poem of Asad recorded by Tabari called it a campaign against the Turks saying, "Groups of the Turks who live between Kabul and Ghur came to you, since there was no place in which they might find refuge from you." Bosworth states that this campaign may have actually taken place in Guzgan or [[Bamiyan]] rather than the purely-[[Persian people|Iranian]] Ghur. He also states that no doubt further sporadic raids continued throughout the Umayyad rule, though not noted by historians. It is known that [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]]'s commander Sulaiman b. Sul had raided Gharchistan and Ghur some time before 739 AD.<ref name=Variorum/>

The early history of Ghor is unclear. [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] in [[Tabaqat-i-Nasiri]] states that Shansab, who established the [[Ghurid dynasty]], was converted by the Arab Caliph Ali which [[Mohammad Habib]] and [[K. A. Nizami]] dismissed as unlikely. He further adds that the Ghurid Amir Faulad assisted [[Abu Muslim]] in overthrowing the Umayyads during the [[Abbasid Revolution]].<ref name="Faulad">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ&q=amir+faulad+abu+muslim|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|date=1970|publisher=People's Publishing House|pages=145–46}}</ref> He also recounts a legend about a dispute between two prominent families of the area. They sought the intercession of the Abbasids and the ancestor of the Shansabi family, Amir Banji, was subsequently confirmed as the ruler by [[Harun al-Rashid]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&dq=banji+harun+al+rashid&pg=PA95|title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2|date=1991|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09509-0|pages=95|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Nab/>

No permanent control was ever established on Ghur. According to Bosworth, its value was only for its slaves which could best be obtained in occasional temporary raids.<ref name=Variorum/> Arab and Persian geographers never considered it important.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia|pages= 139–138|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1977|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref> In all sources it is cited as supplying slaves to slave markets in Khorasan, indicating it had a mostly "infidel" population. [[Istakhari]] called it a land of infidels (''dar al-kufr'') annexed to Islamic domain because of its Muslim minority. However ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' stated it had a mostly-Muslim population.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZifdBLwZisQC&pg=PA84|title=Studies in Arabic and Islam: Proceedings of the 19th Congress : Halle 1998|page= 143|publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]]|year=1977|author=Stefan Leder|isbn=9789042911208}}</ref>

====Ghazni====

The pre-Ghaznavid royal dynasty of [[Ghazni]] were the [[Lawiks]]. Afghan historian [[Abdul Hai Habibi|'Abd al-Hayy Habibi Qandahari]], who in 1957 examined a manuscript containing tales about miracles (''[[karamat]]'') of ''[[Sheikh (Sufism)|Shaikh]]'' Sakhi Surur of [[Multan]], who lived in the 12th century, concluded it dated to 1500. He recorded one of its anecdotes which records the history of Ghazni by the Indian traditionalist and lexicographer Radi ad-Din Hasan b. Muhammad al-Saghani (died 1252) from Abu Hamid az-Zawuli. According to it, a great mosque at Ghazni was earlier a great idol-temple built in honor of the Rutbils and Kabul-Shahs by Wujwir Lawik. His son Khanan converted to Islam and was sent a poem by the Kabul-Shah saying, "Alas! The idol of Lawik has been interred beneath the earth of Ghazni, and the Lawiyan family have given away [the embodiment of] their kingly power. I am going to send my own army; do not yourself follow the same way of the Arabs [ie., Islam]."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia|pages= 301–302|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1977|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref>

Habibi continues stating that Khanan later reconverted to the faith of the Hindu-Shahis. His grandson Aflah however upon assuming power demolished the idol-temple and built a mosque in its place. When the saint Surur arrived at the mosque, he is said to have found the idol of Lawik and destroyed it.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia|pages= 302–303|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1977|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref> The ''[[Siyasatnama]]'' of [[Nizam al-Mulk]], the ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' of [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Juzjani]] and the ''Majma' al-ansāb fī't-tawārīkh'' of Muhammad Shabankara'i (14th century) mention Lawik. Juzjani gives the Lawik who was defeated by Alp-tegin the Islamic ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' of ''Abu Bakr'', though Shabankara'i claims he was a pagan. A variant of his name appears as Anuk in ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia|pages= 298|publisher=Variorum Reprints|year=1977|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref>

The Buddhist monastery of [[Tepe Sardar]] existed near Ghazni during the time Arabs were threatening the Ghazni region, and was destroyed by a fire possibly due to the first Muslim invasion of the region in 671–672 CE. It may have been the "Šāh Bahār" (temple of the king) mentioned as having been destroyed by Muslims in 795 CE in the ''[[Kitab al-Buldan (Ya'qubi book)|Kitab al-Buldan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/buddhist/the-buddhist-site-of-tapa-sardar|title=The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar|work=Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019030419/https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/buddhist/the-buddhist-site-of-tapa-sardar|archive-date=19 October 2021|url-status=live|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

====Bamyan====

[[Ya'qubi]] states that the lord of [[Bamyan]] called the ''Shēr'', was converted to Islam under Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] (d.775) by Muzahim b. Bistam, who married his son Abu Harb Muhammad to his daughter. However, in his history he changes it to the rule of [[Al-Mahdi]] (r. 775–785). Ya'qubi also states that [[Al-Fadl ibn Yahya]] made Hasn, Abu Harb Muhammad's son, as the new ''Shēr'' after his successful campaign in [[Ghorband]].<ref name=Scarcia>{{cite journal|journal=East and West|volume=14|jstor=29754702 |title=A Preliminary Report on a Persian Legal Document of 470-1078 found at Bāmiyān|author=Gianroberto Scarcia|issue=1/2|publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]]|page=74|author-link=:it:Gianroberto Scarcia|year=1963}}</ref> Ya'qubi states that the ruler of Bamiyan had accompanied an expedition dispatched by [[Al-Fadl ibn Yahya]] in 792–793 against the Kabul Shahi.<ref name=Jibril/>

Later Shers remained Muslim and were influential at the Abbasid court. However, Muslim sources describe the Saffarid ruler [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar]] looting Bamiyan's pagan idols. A much later historian Shabankara'i claims that Alp-Tegin obtained conversion of the Sher to Islam in 962. It seems there were lapses to Buddhism among some of the rulers as the Muslim influence grew weak. However, there is no evidence about the role of Buddhism during these periods or whether Buddhist monasteries remained the center of religious life and teaching.<ref name=monasteries>{{cite journal|journal=Islam in Asia|volume=1|author=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=The Coming of Islam in Afghanistan|editor1=Yohanan Friedmann|editor1-link=Yohanan Friedmann|editor2=Raphael Israeli|editor2-link=Raphael Israeli|editor3=Anthony Hearle Johns|publisher=Magnes Press|page=13|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}</ref>