Editing Music of Australia (section)

===Rock and pop===
{{Main|Australian rock}}
[[File:Kylie Minogue - Summer 2019 - Step Back In Time Tour - Castlefield Bowl - Manchester - 11.07.19 - 153.jpg|alt=Kylie Minogue singing on stage into a microphone. She is wearing a red bodysuit.|thumb|[[Kylie Minogue]] is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time, having sold over 80 million records worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=Kylie's music, film, television and more |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/kylie-minogue |access-date=14 July 2023 |publisher=The National Film and Sound Archive of Australia}}</ref>]]
Australia has produced a wide variety of [[Australian rock|rock]] and popular music, from the internationally successful groups [[AC/DC]], [[INXS]], [[Nick Cave]], [[Savage Garden]], [[the Seekers]], or pop divas [[Delta Goodrem]], [[Kylie Minogue]] to the popular local content of [[John Farnham]], [[Jimmy Barnes]] or [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]]. [[Indigenous Australian music]] and [[Australian jazz]] have also had crossover influence on this genre.<ref>[http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/pop/ Australian pop music – Australia's Culture Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720080932/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/pop/ |date=20 July 2008 }}. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref> Early Australian [[rock and roll]] stars included [[Col Joye]] and [[Johnny O'Keefe]]. O'Keefe formed a band in 1956; his hit ''Wild One'' made him the first Australian rock'n'roller to reach the national charts.<ref>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150610b.htm O'Keefe, John Michael (Johnny) (1935–1978) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111091836/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/okeefe-john-michael-johnny-11293 |date=11 January 2012 }}. Adb.online.anu.edu.au. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref> While US and British content dominated airwaves and record sales into the 1960s, local successes began to emerge – notably [[the Easybeats]] and the folk-pop group [[the Seekers]] had significant local success and some international recognition, while AC/DC had their first hits in Australia before going on to international success.

[[File:DelltonesAwards.jpg|thumb|''[[The Delltones]]'' with four radio awards]]

[[File:ACDC-Hughes-long ago.jpg|thumb|left|[[AC/DC]] performing at the [[Ulster Hall]] in August 1979]]
A pivotal event was the [[1970 radio ban]], which lasted from May to October that year. The Ban was the climax of a simmering "pay for play" dispute between major record companies and commercial radio stations, who refused to pay a proposed new copyright fee for playing pop records on air. The dispute erupted into open conflict in May 1970—many commercial stations boycotted records by the labels involved and refused to list their releases on their Top 40 charts, while the record companies in turn refused to supply radio with free promotional copies of new releases.

An unexpected side-effect of the ban was that several emerging Australian acts signed to independent labels (who were not part of the dispute) scored hits with covers of overseas hits; these included [[the Mixtures]]' cover of [[Mungo Jerry]]'s "[[In the Summertime (Mungo Jerry song)|In the Summertime]]"<ref name="KentDM">{{Cite thesis | type = MA | title = The place of Go-Set in rock and pop music culture in Australia, 1966 to 1974 | chapter = Appendix 6: The Record Ban | last1 = Kent | first1 = David Martin | publisher = [[University of Canberra]] | date = September 2002 | location = [[Canberra]], ACT | chapter-url = http://erl.canberra.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-AUC20050509.095456/public/02whole.pdf <!--correct parameter--> | pages = 265–269 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904073704/http://erl.canberra.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-AUC20050509.095456/public/02whole.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2015}} Note: This PDF is 282 pages. Retrieved 20 November 2010</ref> and [[Liv Maessen]]'s cover of Mary Hopkin's [[Eurovision]] song "[[Knock, Knock Who's There?]]".

Despite commercial radio resistance to the more progressive music being produced by bands like [[Spectrum (band)|Spectrum]] and [[Tully (band)|Tully]], acts as diverse as [[AC/DC]], [[Sherbet (band)|Sherbet]] and [[John Paul Young]] were able to achieve major success and develop a unique sound for Australian rock. From 1975, key agents for the increased exposure of local music were the nationally broadcast ABC-TV [[television]] pop show ''[[Countdown (Australian TV series)|Countdown]]'', which premiered in late 1974, and Australia's first non-commercial all-rock [[Radio broadcasting|radio station]] [[Triple J|Double Jay]], which opened in January 1975. [[Hard rock]] bands AC/DC and [[Rose Tattoo]] and harmony rock group [[Little River Band]] also found major overseas success in the late 1970s and early 1980s, touring all over the world. Meanwhile, a score of Australian expatriate solo performers like [[Helen Reddy]], [[Olivia Newton-John]] and [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]] became major stars in the US and internationally. [[Icehouse (band)|Icehouse]] also formed in the late 1970s.

Pop magazines such as ''[[Go-Set]]'' (which began in 1966), the ''[[Daily Planet]]'', and television programs such as ''[[Countdown (Australian TV series)|Countdown]]'' promoted Australian popular music to the youth market.

====1980s====
[[File:Nick Cave 1986.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Nick Cave]] performing in 1986]]

The 1980s saw a breakthrough in the independence of Australian rock—[[Nick Cave]] said that before the 1980s, "Australia still needed America or England to tell them what was good".<ref name=Longway5>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/longway/episode_5/|title=Long Way to the Top: INXS to Exile 1976–1988|publisher=[[ABC Online]]|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015144750/http://www.abc.net.au/longway/episode_5/|archive-date=15 October 2002|url-status=live}}</ref> An example of Australians breaking free from convention came in [[TISM]]. Formed in 1982, the band is known for its anonymous members, outrageous stage antics, and humorous lyrics. In the words of the band, "There's only one factor left that makes us work. And that factor, I think, we've burned away, with the crucible of time, into something that's actually genuine."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/01/1088488079697.html|title=The phantom menace|work=[[The Age]]|author=Michael Dwyer|date=2 July 2004|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603013414/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/01/1088488079697.html|archive-date=3 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Men at Work]], [[Divinyls]], and [[Hoodoo Gurus]], all formed between 1979 and 1981, became hugely successful worldwide. Men at Work's "[[Down Under (song)|Down Under]]" hit number one in Australia, Europe, the UK, Canada, and the United States, and was considered the [[theme song]] of Australia's successful showing at the [[1983 America's Cup]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Ann|author2=Linsay Knight |author3=Margaret McPhee |title=The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELACebeQEgcC&pg=PA156-IA11 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|page=156|isbn=1-86373-898-3|year=1996}}</ref> Hoodoo Gurus, meanwhile, hit it big on the US college circuit—all of their [[Hoodoo Gurus discography#Studio albums|1980s albums]] topped the chart.<ref>{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Peter|author2=Jonathan Buckley|title=The Rough Guide to Rock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haEfq-nKqjgC&pg=PA940 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|page=779|isbn=1-84353-105-4|year=2003}}</ref> At the same time, a number of Australian bands relocated to the U.K. and particularly London to further their artistic and commercial endeavours, among whom were [[the Moodists]], [[the Go-Betweens]], [[The Birthday Party (band)|the Birthday Party]] with guitarist [[Rowland S. Howard]], [[Laughing Clowns]], [[Foetus (band)|Foetus]], [[SPK (band)|SPK]], [[the Triffids]], and [[Peter Loveday]].<ref>Stuart Coupe, for The Sun Herald, 27 January 1985</ref>

=====Grunge=====
{{Main|Grunge}}
[[File:CosmicPsychos2007.jpg|thumb|alt=An Australian rock band, the Cosmic Psychos, performing onstage. The dark stage is lit up by coloured lights. Three performers are visible: an electric bass player, an electric guitarist, and a drummer behind a drumkit.|[[Cosmic Psychos]], one of several Australian bands which influenced and interacted with the Seattle grunge scene]]
Grunge is a subgenre of [[alternative rock]] and a [[subculture]] that emerged during the {{nowrap|mid-1980s}} in Australia and in the [[Pacific Northwest]] U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. The early grunge movement in the US revolved around Seattle's independent record label [[Sub Pop]] and that region's [[underground music]] scene. By the early 1990s, its popularity had spread, with grunge bands appearing in California, then emerging in other parts of the United States and in Australia, building strong followings and signing major record deals. [[Mark Arm]], the vocalist for the Seattle band [[Green River (band)|Green River]]—and later [[Mudhoney]]—stated that the term had been used in [[Australia]] in the mid-1980s to describe bands such as [[King Snake Roost]], [[The Scientists]], Salamander Jim, and [[Beasts of Bourbon]].<ref>{{cite news | date=20 January 2001 | title=No End in Sight: Mudhoney Is Alive and Well | last=True | first=Everett | author-link=Everett True | work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]] | url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/no-end-in-sight/Content?oid=6267 | access-date=11 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806051930/http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/no-end-in-sight/Content?oid=6267 | archive-date=6 August 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Arm used grunge as a descriptive term rather than a genre term, but it eventually came to describe the punk/metal hybrid sound of the Seattle music scene.<ref>[[Clinton Heylin|Heylin, Clinton]]. ''Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge''. Conongate, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84195-879-4}}, p. 606.</ref>

Several Australian bands, including [[Cosmic Psychos]] and [[Feedtime]] are cited as precursors to grunge, their music influencing the Seattle scene through the college radio broadcasts of Sub Pop founder [[Jonathan Poneman]] and members of Mudhoney.<ref>Hennesy, Kate (11 August 2013). [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/cosmic-psychos-uberblokes-punked-pumped-and-primed-20130811-2rpt8.html "Cosmic Psychos: Uber-blokes punked, pumped and primed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204220431/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/cosmic-psychos-uberblokes-punked-pumped-and-primed-20130811-2rpt8.html |date=4 December 2017 }}, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</ref><ref name="zan">[[Zan Rowe|Rowe, Zan]] (26 September 2008). [http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/zan/blog/s2374282.htm "Jonathan Poneman from Sub-Pop takes five with the albums he wishes he'd released..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426200316/http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/zan/blog/s2374282.htm |date=26 April 2016 }}, ''Mornings with Zan''. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</ref> Chris Dubrow from ''[[The Guardian]]'' states that, in the late 1980s, Australia's "sticky-floored...alternative pub scene" in seedy inner-city areas produced grunge bands with "raw and awkward energy" such as [[X (Australian band)|X]], [[Feedtime]] and [[Lubricated Goat]].<ref name="Dubrow">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/apr/07/australia-grunge-nirvana |title=Nirvana had nothing on Australia's Lubricated Goat |last=Dubrow |first=Chris |date=7 April 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082925/https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/apr/07/australia-grunge-nirvana |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubrow said "[[Kurt Cobain|Cobain]]...admitted the Australian wave was a big influence" on his music.<ref name="Dubrow"/> [[Everett True]] states that "[t]here's more of an argument to be had for grunge beginning in Australia with the Scientists and their scrawny punk ilk."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

From being discovered in mid-1994 with their debut single "[[Tomorrow (Silverchair song)|Tomorrow]]" to their 1995 debut album ''[[Frogstomp]]'' (which sold more than 4 million copies worldwide<ref name="AMGBio">Erlewine, "Silverchair > Biography".</ref><ref name="MABio">{{cite web |date=10 April 2003 |title=Silverchair |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.cs-ma-NAMO~1626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413163925/http://nla.gov.au/nla.cs-ma-NAMO~1626 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=[[Music Australia (online resource)|Music Australia]]. [[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref>), [[Silverchair]] were considered by some to be grunge's "last stand".<ref>{{cite web |last=Danaher |first=Michael |date=4 August 2014 |title=The 50 Best Grunge Songs |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2014/08/the-50-best-grunge-songs.html?a=1 |access-date=8 February 2017 |website=pastemagazine.com |publisher=Paste}}</ref> The band's trio of teenagers—[[Ben Gillies]] on drums, [[Daniel Johns]] on vocals and guitars, and [[Chris Joannou]] on bass guitar—were still in high school when the album went to number one in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="AUSCharts">{{cite web |last1=Hung |first1=Steffen |title=Silverchair Discography |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Silverchair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023075719/http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Silverchair |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien}}</ref><ref name="TomorrowAUSChart">{{cite web |last1=Hung |first1=Steffen |title=Silverchair – ''Frogstomp'' |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Silverchair&titel=Frogstomp&cat=a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/62Q4Sg66u?url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r218511/review |archive-date=14 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011 |publisher=Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien}}</ref>

====1990s: Indie rock====
{{Main|Australian indie rock}}
[[File:Livingendonstage2007.JPG|thumb|[[Psychobilly]] group [[the Living End]] were successful internationally in the 1990s]]
The 1990s saw continued overseas success from groups such as [[AC/DC]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3496/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} |title=AC/DC > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> [[INXS]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4555/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} |title=INXS > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> [[Men at Work]], [[Midnight Oil]], [[the Bad Seeds]],<ref name=AusCultRock>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/rock/|title=Australian rock music|publisher=[[Australian Government|Australian Culture Portal]]|access-date=20 April 2008|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100629230600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/21007/20100630-0906/www.culture.gov.au/articles/music/rock/index.html|archive-date=29 June 2010|url-status=live}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and a new [[indie rock]] scene started to develop [[Australian indie rock|locally]]. Sydney-based [[Ratcat]] were the first new band to achieve a mainstream following,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amo.org.au/artist.asp?id=379 |title=Ratcat |publisher=[[Australian Music Online]] |access-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917100539/http://amo.org.au/artist.asp?id=379 |archive-date=17 September 2007 }}</ref> while bands such as the [[Hoodoo Gurus]] got off to a slower start; their debut album ''[[Stoneage Romeos]]'' earned a small following but failed to captivate a mainstream that at the time "didn't get it".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/Guru-worship/2005/04/21/1114028472793.html|title=Guru worship|work=[[The Age]]|author=Michael Dwyer|date=22 April 2005|access-date=26 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117065125/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/Guru-worship/2005/04/21/1114028472793.html|archive-date=17 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Later reviews described the band as "integral to the story of Aussie indie music", influencing bands including [[Frenzal Rhomb]] and [[Jet (band)|Jet]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/music/reviews/9967/hoodoo-gurus-stoneage-romeos/|title=Hoodoo Gurus: Stoneage Romeos|magazine=[[PopMatters]]|author=Dan Raper|date=31 January 2007|access-date=26 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212094546/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/music/reviews/9967/hoodoo-gurus-stoneage-romeos/|archive-date=12 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The band became an [[ARIA Hall of Fame]] inductee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/about-hall-of-fame.php|title=Hall of Fame|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=26 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027045844/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/about-hall-of-fame.php|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Church (band)|The Church]], meanwhile, was highly successful in the 1980s, only to see their careers diminish in the next decade; 1994's ''[[Sometime Anywhere]]'' saw the band recede from a mainstream audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cd--gig-reviews/the-church/2005/10/06/1128562925156.html|title=The Church|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|author=Bernard Zuel|date=8 October 2005|access-date=27 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816110815/http://www.smh.com.au/news/cd--gig-reviews/the-church/2005/10/06/1128562925156.html|archive-date=16 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Alternative rock]] began to gain popularity midway through the 1990s, with [[grunge]] and [[Britpop]] styles especially popular, resulting in a new wave of Australian bands. Some—such as [[Savage Garden]], [[the Living End]] and [[Silverchair]]—also gained quick success in the United States,<ref name="Internationalists">{{cite news|title=Internationalists|author=Kelsy Munro|date=November 2001|publisher=JUICE}}<!-- http://www.ozmusic-central.com.au/powderfinger/text/articl33.htm --></ref> while [[You Am I]], [[Jebediah]], [[Magic Dirt]], [[Something for Kate]], [[Icecream Hands]] and [[Powderfinger]] gained more success locally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bowling Maidens Over|author=Jayson Argall|date=August 2001|publisher=Beat}}<!-- http://www.ozmusic-central.com.au/powderfinger/text/articl40.htm --></ref> Bands such as [[Regurgitator]] and [[Spiderbait]] were hit heavily by the [[post-grunge]] backlash, losing in sales and critical acclaim.<ref name=Internationalists /><ref>{{cite news|title=Fish Tales|author=Samantha Clode|date=December 1998|publisher=JUICE}}<!-- http://www.ozmusic-central.com.au/powderfinger/text/articl11.htm --></ref>

Much of the success of rock in Australia is attributed to the non-commercial [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'s radio station [[Triple J]], which focuses heavily on Australian alternative music, and has done so since its formation as 2JJ in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/TV--Radio/Off-the-dial/2005/01/11/1105423476299.html|title=Off the dial|date=12 January 2005|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|author=Gayle Austin|access-date=10 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528195605/http://www.smh.com.au/news/TV--Radio/Off-the-dial/2005/01/11/1105423476299.html|archive-date=28 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the station's history, they have helped jump start the careers of numerous bands such as [[Missy Higgins]] and [[Killing Heidi]] through programs such as ''[[Unearthed (talent contest)|Unearthed]]'', the Australian Music program Home & Hosed and the [[Triple J Hottest 100|Hottest 100]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Entertainment/Triple-J-Timeline/2005/01/11/1105423476865.html|title=Triple J Timeline|date=12 January 2005|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=10 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817115739/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Entertainment/Triple-J-Timeline/2005/01/11/1105423476865.html|archive-date=17 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Big Day Out]] festival has showcased Australian and international acts, with [[Big Day Out lineups by year|line-ups]] spanning multiple genres, with an alternative focus. It has become highly popular amongst musicians; [[Foo Fighters]] lead singer [[Dave Grohl]] said "We play the Big Day Out because it's the best tour in the world. You ask any band in the world – they all want to play the Big Day Out, every single one of them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/24/1042911545091.html|title=Summer's biggest day out rolls into Melbourne|work=[[The Age]]|date=25 January 2003|access-date=10 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031140145/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/24/1042911545091.html|archive-date=31 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Other festivals, such as [[Homebake]], [[Livid (festival)|Livid]], and [[Splendour in the Grass]], are also rock focused, and together with Big Day Out are "united by the dominant presence of the indie-guitar scene".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasa.org.au/conferencepapers05/papers%20(pdf)/com_cummings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903102517/http://www.tasa.org.au/conferencepapers05/papers%20(pdf)/com_cummings.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2007 |title=Australian Indie Music Festivals as Scenes|publisher=[[University of Tasmania]]|author=Joanne Cummings|date=6 December 2005|access-date=10 May 2008 }}</ref> [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] made its first appearance in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2015]] after being granted a spot in the final by the [[EBU]].