Editing Murder (section)

====Postpartum depression====
[[Postpartum depression]] (also known as post-natal depression) is recognized in some countries as a mitigating factor in cases of [[infanticide]]. According to  Susan Friedman, "Two dozen nations have infanticide laws that decrease the penalty for mothers who kill their children of up to one year of age. The United States does not have such a law, but mentally ill mothers may plead not guilty by reason of insanity."<ref>Friedman, SH. "Commentary: Postpartum Psychosis, Infanticide, and Insanity Implications for Forensic Psychiatry", J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 40:3:326-332 (September 2012).</ref> In the [[law of the Republic of Ireland]], infanticide was made a separate crime from murder in 1949, applicable for the mother of a baby under one year old where "the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the birth of the child".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1949/act/16/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1 |title=Infanticide Act, 1949, Section 1 |website=[[Irish Statute Book]] |access-date=22 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601084439/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1949/act/16/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1 |archive-date=1 June 2016 }}</ref> Since independence, death sentences for murder in such cases had always been [[commutation of sentence|commuted]];<ref name="Rattigan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Rattigan |first1=Clíona |title='Done to death by father or relatives': Irish families and infanticide cases, 1922–1950 |journal=The History of the Family |date=January 2008 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=370–383 |doi=10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.09.003 |s2cid=144571256  | issn = 1081-602X }}</ref> the new act was intended "to eliminate all the terrible ritual of the [[black cap]] and the solemn words of the judge pronouncing sentence of death in those cases ... where it is clear to the Court and to everybody, except perhaps the unfortunate accused, that the sentence will never be carried out."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/seanad1949070700007 |title=Infanticide Bill, 1949—Second and Subsequent Stages |website=Seanad Éireann debates |pages=Vol.36 c.1472 |no-pp=y|date=7 July 1949 |access-date=22 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701225250/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/seanad1949070700007 |archive-date=1 July 2016 }}</ref> In Russia, murder of a newborn child by the mother has been a separate crime since 1996.<ref>[[Criminal Code of Russia]], art.106</ref>