Editing Mosquito (section)

=== Saliva ===

Mosquito saliva contains [[enzyme]]s that aid in sugar feeding,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grossman |first1=G. L. |last2=James |first2=A. A. |title=The salivary glands of the vector mosquito, ''Aedes aegypti'', express a novel member of the amylase gene family |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=223–232 |year=1993 |pmid=7505701 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2583.1993.tb00095.x |s2cid=13019630 }}</ref> and [[antimicrobial agents]] that control bacterial growth in the sugar meal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rossignol |first1=P.A. |last2=Lueders |first2=A.M. |title=Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=819–822 |year=1986 |pmid=3519067 |doi=10.1016/0305-0491(86)90153-7 }}</ref>

For a mosquito to obtain a blood meal, it must circumvent its [[vertebrate]] host's physiological responses.  Mosquito saliva blocks the host's [[hemostasis]] system, with proteins that reduce [[vascular constriction]], [[blood clotting]], and [[platelet]] aggregation, to ensure the blood keeps flowing.<ref name="Valenzuela Pham Garfield 2002"/> It modulates the host's [[immune response]] via a mixture of proteins which lower [[angiogenesis]] and [[immunity (medical)|immunity]]; create [[inflammation]];<ref name="Valenzuela Pham Garfield 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Valenzuela |first1=J.G. |last2=Pham |first2=V.M. |last3=Garfield |first3=M.K. |last4=Francischetti |first4=I.M.B. |last5=Ribeiro |first5=J.M.C. |title=Toward a description of the sialome of the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti |journal=Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1101–1122 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12213246 |doi=10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00047-4 |bibcode=2002IBMB...32.1101V }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=J.M. |last2=Francischetti |first2=I.M. |title=Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding: sialome and post-sialome perspectives |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |pages=73–88 |year=2003 |pmid=12194906 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.060402.102812 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234963 |access-date=2019-06-29 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804040649/https://zenodo.org/record/1234963 |url-status=live }}</ref> suppress [[tumor necrosis factor]] release from activated [[mast cells]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bissonnette |first1=Elyse Y. |last2=Rossignol |first2=Philippe A. |last3=Befus |first3=A. Dean|title=Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumour necrosis factor alpha release from mast cells |journal=Parasite Immunology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |date=January 1993 |pmid=7679483 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00569.x }}</ref> suppress [[interleukin]] (IL)-2 and [[IFN-γ]] production;<ref name="Cross Cupp Enriquez 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Martin L. |last2=Cupp |first2=Eddie W. |last3=Enriquez |first3=F. Javier |title=Differential modulation of murine cellular immune responses by salivary gland extract of Aedes aegypti |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=690–696 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7985763 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.690 }}</ref><ref name="Zeidner Higgs Happ 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Zeidner |first1=Nordin S. |last2=Higgs |first2=Stephen |last3=Happ |first3=Christine M. |last4=Beaty |first4=Barry J. |last5=Miller |first5=Barry R. |title=Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice |journal=Parasite Immunology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=35–44 |date=January 1999 |pmid=10081770 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00199.x |s2cid=26774722 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236522 |access-date=2020-09-25 |archive-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410004355/https://zenodo.org/record/1236522 |url-status=live }}</ref> suppress [[T cell]] populations;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wanasen |first1=N. |last2=Nussenzveig |first2=R. H. |last3=Champagne |first3=D. E. |last4=Soong |first4=L. |last5=Higgs |first5=S.|title=Differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes ''Aedes aegypti'' and ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' |journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15189245 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.2004.00498.x |s2cid=42458052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wasserman |first1=H. A. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Champagne |first3=D. E. |title=Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito, ''Aedes aegypti'', modulates murine lymphocyte function |journal=Parasite Immunology |volume=26 |issue=6–7 |pages=295–306 |year=2004 |pmid=15541033 |doi=10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00712.x |s2cid=32742815 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Depinay |first1=Nadya |last2=Hacini |first2=Fériel |last3=Beghdadi |first3=Walid |last4=Peronet |first4=Roger |last5=Mécheri |first5=Salaheddine |title=Mast cell-dependent down-regulation of antigen-specific immune responses by mosquito bites |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=176 |issue=7 |pages=4141–4146 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16547250 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4141 |doi-access=free }}</ref> decrease expression of [[interferon]]−α/β, making virus infections more severe;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Bradley S. |last2=Soong |first2=Lynn |last3=Zeidner |first3=Nordin S. |last4=Higgs |first4=Stephen |title=Aedes aegypti salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1/TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection |journal=Viral Immunology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=565–573 |year=2004 |pmid=15671753 |doi=10.1089/vim.2004.17.565 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=J. L. |last2=Schoenherr |first2=C. |last3=Grossberg |first3=S. E.|title=Protection against Japanese encephalitis virus in mice and hamsters by treatment with carboxymethylacridanone, a potent interferon inducer |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=394–399 |date=September 1980 |pmid=6255036 |doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.394 }}</ref> increase [[natural killer T cell]]s in the blood; and decrease cytokine production.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vogt |first1=Megan B. |last2=Lahon |first2=Anismrita |last3=Arya |first3=Ravi P. |last4=Kneubehl |first4=Alexander R. |last5=Spencer Clinton |first5=Jennifer L. |last6=Paust |first6=Silke |last7=Rico-Hesse |first7=Rebecca |title=Mosquito saliva alone has profound effects on the human immune system |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0006439 |date=May 2018 |pmid=29771921 |pmc=5957326 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006439 |doi-access=free}}</ref>