Editing Moksha (section)

==Synonyms==

The words ''moksha'', nirvana (''nibbana'') and [[kaivalya]] are sometimes used synonymously,<ref>For example, the Adhyatma Upanishad uses all three words nirvana, kaivalya and ''moksha'' (Verses 12, 16, 69, 70); K.N. Aiyar (Transl. 1914), [[:iarchive:thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft|Thirty Minor Upanishads]], University of Toronto Robart Library Archives, Canada, pp 55–60</ref> because they all refer to the state that liberates a person from all causes of sorrow and suffering.<ref>A. Sharma, The realization of Kaivalya in the Poetry of Les A Murray: An Indian Perspective, Explorations in Australian Literature, {{ISBN|978-8176257091}}, Chapter 18, pp 187</ref><ref name=pjaini/> However, in modern era literature, these concepts have different premises in different religions.<ref name=dltc/> Nirvana, a concept common in Buddhism, is accompanied by the realization that all experienced phenomena are [[anatta|not self]]; while ''moksha'', a concept common in many schools of Hinduism, is acceptance of Self (soul), realization of liberating knowledge, the consciousness of Oneness with Brahman, all existence and understanding the whole universe as the Self.<ref name=davidloy>David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23(1), pp 65–74</ref><ref name=brianmorris3>'''[a]''' {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|page=51}}<br>'''[b]''' {{cite book|author=Gadjin M. Nagao|title=Madhyamika and Yogacara: A Study of Mahayana Philosophies|date=January 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-cHxL1ews0C |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1406-5|pages=177–180}}<br>'''[c]''' {{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmg9BQAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=PM Press |isbn=978-1-60486-093-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Nirvana starts with the premise that there is no Self, ''moksha'' on the other hand, starts with the premise that everything is the Self; there is no consciousness in the state of nirvana, but everything is One unified consciousness in the state of ''moksha''.<ref name=davidloy/>

Kaivalya, a concept akin to ''moksha'', rather than nirvana, is found in some schools of Hinduism such as the Yoga school. Kaivalya is the realization of aloofness with liberating knowledge of one's self and disentanglement from the muddled mind and cognitive apparatus. For example, [[Patanjali]]'s Yoga Sutra suggests:

{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
After the dissolution of avidya (ignorance),
comes removal of communion with material world,
this is the path to Kaivalyam.
</poem>
| 2=[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutra]] (Sadhana Pada)|3=2:24–25<ref>For Sanskrit version: Sadasivendra Sarasvati (1912), [[:iarchive:YogaSutraVritti|Yoga Sutra]]; For English version: Charles Johnston (1912), [[:iarchive:yogasutrasofpata00pata|yogasutrasofpata00pata]] Yoga Sutra of Patanjali; For secondary peer reviewed source, see: Jeffrey Gold, Plato in the Light of Yoga, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jan., 1996), pp. 17–32; A. Sharma, The Realization of Kaivalya, in Explorations in Australian Literature, {{ISBN|978-8176257091}}, Chapter 18</ref>
}}

Nirvana and ''moksha'', in all traditions, represent resting in one's true essence, named ''[[Purusha]]'' or Atman, or pointed at as Nirvana, but described in a very different way. Some scholars, states Jayatilleke, assert that the Nirvana of Buddhism is same as the [[Brahman]] in Hinduism, a view other scholars and he disagree with.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|page=96}}</ref> Buddhism rejects the idea of [[Brahman]], and the metaphysical ideas about soul (atman) are also rejected by Buddhism, while those ideas are essential to ''moksha'' in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|pages=96–97}}</ref> In Buddhism, nirvana is 'blowing out' or 'extinction'.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|page=90}}</ref> In Hinduism, ''moksha'' is 'identity or oneness with Brahman'.<ref name=brianmorris3/> Realization of ''anatta'' (anatman) is essential to Buddhist nirvana.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Southwold |title=Buddhism in Life: The Anthropological Study of Religion and the Sinhalese Practice of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/budhisminlife0000unse|url-access=registration |year=1983|publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-0971-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/budhisminlife0000unse/page/209 209]–210}}</ref><ref name=suehamilton20/><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey |editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|page=36}}</ref> Realization of ''atman'' (atta) is essential to Hindu ''moksha''.<ref name=suehamilton20>{{cite book|author=Sue Hamilton |title=Early Buddhism: A New Approach : the I of the Beholder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pE9lwuScpWwC |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1280-9|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=392, 292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Yong Zhao |author2=Jing Lei |author3=Guofang Li |title=Handbook of Asian Education: A Cultural Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irqsAgAAQBAJ  |year=2010|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1-136-72129-8|pages=466 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>