Editing Microsatellite (section)

===Cancer diagnosis===
In [[tumour]] cells, whose controls on replication are damaged, microsatellites may be gained or lost at an especially high frequency during each round of [[mitosis]]. Hence a tumour cell line might show a different [[genetic fingerprint]] from that of the host tissue, and, especially in [[colorectal cancer]], might present with [[loss of heterozygosity]].<ref name="Cancer Diagnostics">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wistuba II, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Mele G, Milchgrub S, Girard L, Fondon JW, Garner HR, McKay B, Latif F, Lerman MI, Lam S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD | display-authors = 6 | title = High resolution chromosome 3p allelotyping of human lung cancer and preneoplastic/preinvasive bronchial epithelium reveals multiple, discontinuous sites of 3p allele loss and three regions of frequent breakpoints | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 60 | issue = 7 | pages = 1949–1960 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10766185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forgacs E, Wren JD, Kamibayashi C, Kondo M, Xu XL, Markowitz S, Tomlinson GE, Muller CY, Gazdar AF, Garner HR, Minna JD | display-authors = 6 | title = Searching for microsatellite mutations in coding regions in lung, breast, ovarian and colorectal cancers | journal = Oncogene | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 1005–1009 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11314036 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1204211 | s2cid = 22893621 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Microsatellites analyzed in primary tissue therefore been routinely used in cancer diagnosis to assess tumour progression.<ref name="vanTilborg2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Tilborg AA, Kompier LC, Lurkin I, Poort R, El Bouazzaoui S, van der Keur K, Zuiverloon T, Dyrskjot L, Orntoft TF, Roobol MJ, Zwarthoff EC | display-authors = 6 | title = Selection of microsatellite markers for bladder cancer diagnosis without the need for corresponding blood | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e43345 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22927958 | pmc = 3425555 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043345 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743345V }}</ref><ref name="Sideris&Papagrigoriadis2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sideris M, Papagrigoriadis S | title = Molecular biomarkers and classification models in the evaluation of the prognosis of colorectal cancer | journal = Anticancer Research | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 2061–2068 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24778007 }}</ref><ref name="Boland1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, Sidransky D, Eshleman JR, Burt RW, Meltzer SJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Fodde R, Ranzani GN, Srivastava S | display-authors = 6 | title = A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 58 | issue = 22 | pages = 5248–5257 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9823339 }}</ref> Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been used to identify microsatellite biomarkers as a source of genetic predisposition in a variety of cancers.<ref name="Rivero et al">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivero-Hinojosa S, Kinney N, Garner HR, Rood BR | title = Germline microsatellite genotypes differentiate children with medulloblastoma | journal = Neuro-Oncology | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 152–162 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31562520 | doi = 10.1093/neuonc/noz179 | pmc = 6954392 }}</ref><ref name="Kinney">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kinney N, Varghese RT, Anandakrishnan R, Garner HR | title = ''ZDHHC3'' as a Risk and Mortality Marker for Breast Cancer in African American Women | journal = Cancer Informatics | volume = 16 | pages = 1176935117746644 | date = 2017 | pmid = 29276372 | doi = 10.1177/1176935117746644 | pmc = 5734450 | s2cid = 32129259 }}</ref><ref name="Velmurugan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Velmurugan KR, Varghese RT, Fonville NC, Garner HR | title = High-depth, high-accuracy microsatellite genotyping enables precision lung cancer risk classification | journal = Oncogene | volume = 36 | issue = 46 | pages = 6383–6390 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28759038 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2017.256 | pmc = 5701090 | s2cid = 21655592 }}</ref>

[[File:Str profile.jpg|thumb|400px|A partial human STR profile obtained using the [[Applied Biosystems]] Identifiler kit]]