Editing Medina (section)

===Under subsequent Islamic regimes===

====Umayyad Caliphate====
After [[Hasan ibn Ali|al-Hasan]], the son of 'Ali, ceded power to [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah I]], son of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], Mu'awiyah marched into [[Kufa]], Ali's capital, and received the allegiance of the local 'Iraqis. This is considered to be the beginning of the Umayyad caliphate. Mu'awiyah's governors took special care of Medina and dug the 'Ayn az-Zarqa'a ("Blue Spring") [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] along with a project that included the creation of underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|ducts]] for the purposes of irrigation. Dams were built in some of the [[wadi]]s and the subsequent agricultural boom led to the strengthening of the economy.
[[File:Gold dinar of Umar II.jpg|thumb|The [[Gold dinar]] of [[Umar II]], also known as 'Umar ibn Abdulaziz or the Fifth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.]]
Following a period of unrest during the [[Second Fitna]] in 679, Husayn ibn 'Ali was martyred at [[Battle of Karbala|Karbala]] and Yazid assumed unchecked control for the next three years. In 682, [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] declared himself Caliph of Mecca and the people of Medina swore allegiance to him. This led to an eight-year-long period of economic distress for the city. In 692, the Umayyads regained power and Medina experienced its second period of huge economic growth. Trade improved and more people moved into the city. The banks of Wadi al-'Aqiq were now lush with greenery. This period of peace and prosperity coincided with the rule of [[Umar II|'Umar ibn Abdulaziz]], who many consider to be the fifth of the [[Rashidun]].<ref name=":5" />

====Abbasid Caliphate====
Abdulbasit A. Badr, in his book, ''Madinah, The Enlightened City: History and Landmarks'', divides this period into three distinct phases:<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Salahadin's Tomb, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus 001 (4931142474).jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Saladin|Salahuddin al-Ayyubi]], who started a tradition of greatly funding Medina and protecting pilgrims visiting the holy city.]]
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Arc.pp-0254.11.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Medina sanctuary and [[Green Dome]], photographed in 1880 by [[Muhammad Sadiq (photographer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]. The dome was built during the Mamluk period, but given its signature color by the Ottomans nearly 600 years later.]]
Badr describes the period between 749 and 974 as a push-and-pull between peace and political turmoil, while Medina continued to pay allegiance to the Abbasids. From 974 to 1151, the [[Sharifate of Medina]] was in a liaison with the Fatimids, even though the political stand between the two remained turbulent and did not exceed the normal allegiance. From 1151 onwards, Medina paid allegiance to the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]], and the [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Emir Nuruddin Zengi]] took care of the roads used by pilgrims and funded the fixing of the water sources and streets. When he visited Medina in 1162, he ordered the construction of a new wall that encompassed the new urban areas outside the old city wall. Zengi was succeeded by [[Saladin]], founder of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]], who supported [[Qasim ibn Muhanna]], the Sharif of Medina, and greatly funded the growth of the city while slashing taxes paid by the pilgrims.<ref name=":5" /> He also funded the [[Bedouin]]s who lived on the routes used by pilgrims to protect them on their journeys. The later Abbasids also continued to fund the expenses of the city. While Medina was formally allied with the Abbasids during this period, they maintained closer relations with the Zengids and Ayyubids. The historic city formed an oval, surrounded by a strong wall, {{cvt|30|to|40|ft|abbr=out}} high, dating from this period, and was flanked with towers. Of its four gates, the ''Bab al-Salam'' ("The Gate of Peace"), was remarked for its beauty. Beyond the walls of the city, the west and south were suburbs consisting of low houses, yards, gardens and plantations.<ref name=":5" />

====Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo====
After the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, to the Mongols, the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo took over the Egyptian governorate and effectively gained control of Medina.<ref name=":5" /> In 1258, Medina was threatened by [[lava]] from the [[Harrat Rahat]] volcanic region but was narrowly saved from being burnt after the lava turned northward.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite gvp |vn=231070 |title=Harrat Rahat}}</ref><ref>Bosworth,C. Edmund: Historic Cities of the Islamic World, p. 385 – "Half-a-century later, in 654/1256, Medina was threatened by a volcanic eruption. After a series of earthquakes, a stream of lava appeared, but fortunately flowed to the east of the town and then northwards."</ref> During Mamluk reign, the [[Masjid an-Nabawi]] caught fire twice. Once in 1256, when the storage caught fire, burning the entire mosque, and the other time in 1481, when the masjid was struck by [[lightning]]. This period also coincided with an increase in scholarly activity in Medina, with scholars such as [[Ibn Farhun]], [[Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi]], [[Al-Sakhawi|Al Sakhawi]] and others settling in the city.<ref name=":5" /> The striking iconic [[Green Dome]] also found its beginnings as a cupola built under Mamluk Sultan [[Al-Mansur Qalawun|al-Mansur Qalawun as-Salihi]] in 1297.<ref name=":5" />