Editing Mausolus (section)

== Death ==

Mausolus died shortly after the failed assassination attempt at [[Labraunda]]. [[Diodorus Siculus]] tells us that he died in 353/2 BCE.<ref name="Diod. 16.36.2">{{cite book |last1=Diodorus Siculus |title=Bibliotheca historica |at=16.36.2 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D16%3Achapter%3D36%3Asection%3D2|author1-link=Diodorus Siculus }}</ref> Modern consensus agrees with this date, in part because Mausolus was known to have participated in the [[Social War (357-355 BC)|Social War (357–355 BCE)]], but had died by the time [[Demosthenes]] wrote his speech ''[[On the Liberty of the Rhodians]]'' (351 BCE).<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Pliny the Elder]] incorrectly claimed that Mausolus died in 351 BCE, which is when his sister and wife [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]] passed away.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> It is unknown what he died of.

When Mausolus died, his remains were interred in the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], which he and Artemisia had been building while they were still alive. It is likely that the Mausoleum functioned as a [[heroön]] and that Mausolus received cult worship after his death.<ref name="Carstens 2013">{{cite book |last=Carstens |first=Anne Marie |editor-last1=Brun |editor-first1=Patrice |editor-last2=Cavalier |editor-first2=Laurence |editor-last3=Konuk |editor-first3=Koray |editor-last4=Prost |editor-first4=Francis |title=Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009 |date=2013 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Bordeaux |chapter=Tracing Elite Networks. A View from the Grave. |pages=101–110 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5667673}}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that worship of Mausolus continued until approximately the mid-2nd century BCE.<ref name="Lund 2021">{{cite book |last=Lund |first=John |editor-last1=Pedersen |editor-first1=Poul |editor-last2=Poulsen |editor-first2=Birte |editor-last3=Lund |editor-first3=John |title=Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic |date=2021 |publisher=Oxbow |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-78925-511-9 |chapter=The function of the Maussolleion terrace after 350 BC: the testimony of the finds}}</ref>

Artemisia threw a lavish funeral for Mausolus, including games and ceremonies, in which many distinguished Greeks participated, many of whom were students of [[Isocrates]] from Greek cities within the Hecatomnid sphere of influence.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Theopompus]] of [[Chios]] won the prose competition, defeating Isocrates.<ref name="Plut. Mor. 838b">{{cite book |last1=Plutarch |title=Vitae decem oratorum |at=838b |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0344%3Astephpage%3D833b|author1-link=Plutarch }}</ref> This may have been [[Apollonia (Illyria)#Notable people|Isocrates of Apollonia]], rather than the more famous Isocrates of Athens, who would have been very old at the time.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Theodectes]] of [[Phaselis]] won the verse competition with a tragic play entitled ''Mausolus''.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> This coming together of famous and influential Greeks at Halicarnassus on the occasion of Mausolus' death, overseen by Artemisia, may be why she became so renowned for her grief in later tradition.

Mausolus and Artemisia had no children.<ref name="Strabo 14.2.17">{{cite book |last1=Strabo |title=Geography |at=14.2.17 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D17|author1-link=Strabo }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982">{{cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |title=Mausolus |date=1982 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198148449}}</ref> After he died, his sister-wife Artemisia ruled alone for a short period before she herself died (353{{ndash}}351 BCE). She was then succeeded by her brother and sister [[Idrieus]] and [[Ada of Caria|Ada]], who were themselves married. There is no evidence that Artemisia was ever formally a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire, rather than just a local dynast. Only the men of the Hekatomnid family were ever referred to as satraps, as far as we know.<ref name="Carney (2005)">{{cite journal |last1=Carney |first1=Elizabeth Donnelly |title=Women and Dunasteia in Caria |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=2005 |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=65–91 |doi=10.1353/ajp.2005.0016 |jstor=1562184 |s2cid=162235783 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562184}}</ref> So, although Artemisia succeeded Mausolus in real terms, his successor to the office of satrap was probably his brother Idrieus.

Centuries after the death of Mausolus, [[Lucian of Samosata]] wrote a dialogue between the deceased satrap and the philosopher [[Diogenes]] the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic]], conversing in the [[Greek underworld|afterlife]].<ref name="Lucian DMort 24">{{cite book |last1=Lucian of Samosata |title=Dialogues of the Dead |at=29 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0524%3Abook%3D24|author1-link=Lucian of Samosata }}</ref> Although Mausolus ruled widely as satrap, was rich in his lifetime, and left behind a magnificent tomb in Halicarnassus, Diogenes taunts him, as they both have nothing after their deaths.