Editing Mary Rose (section)

=== Crew ===

Throughout her 33-year career, the crew of the ''Mary Rose'' changed several times and varied considerably in size. It would have a minimal skeleton crew of 17 men or fewer in peacetime and when she was "[[laid up in ordinary]]" (in reserve).{{sfnp|Marsden|2003|p=13}} The average wartime manning would have been about 185 soldiers, 200 sailors, 20–30 gunners and an assortment of other specialists such as surgeons, trumpeters and members of the admiral's staff, for a total of 400–450 men. When taking part in land invasions or raids, such as in the summer of 1512, the number of soldiers could have swelled to just over 400 for a combined total of more than 700. Even with the normal crew size of around 400, the ship was quite crowded, and with additional soldiers would have been extremely cramped.{{sfnp|Gardiner|2005|pp=11–12}}{{sfnp|Marsden|2003|pp=9–10}}{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=53–54}}

[[File:George Carew-painting by Holbein.jpg|alt=Admiral George Carew|thumb|upright|Vice-Admiral [[George Carew (admiral)|George Carew]], who perished with the ''Mary Rose''; contemporary miniature by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]]]]

Little is known of the identities of the men who served on the ''Mary Rose'', even when it comes to the names of the officers, who would have belonged to the gentry. Two admirals and four captains (including [[Edward Howard (admiral)|Edward]] and Thomas Howard, who served both positions) are known through records, as well as a few ship masters, [[purser]]s, master gunners and other specialists.<ref>For a detailed list of officers and other named people who served on the ship 1513–1545, see {{harvp|Marsden|2003|p=9}}</ref> Forensic science has been used by artists to create reconstructions of faces of eight crew members, and the results were publicised in May 2013. In addition, researchers have extracted DNA from remains in the hopes of identifying origins of crew, and potentially living descendants.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/10087527/Living-relatives-of-Mary-Rose-crew-may-be-identified-through-DNA.html Richard Gray, "Living relatives of Mary Rose crew may be identified through DNA"], ''The Telegraph'', 30 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2015</ref>

Of the vast majority of the crewmen, soldiers, sailors and gunners alike, nothing has been recorded. The only source of information for these men has been through [[osteology|osteological]] analysis of the human bones found at the wrecksite. An approximate composition of some of the crew has been conjectured based on contemporary records. The ''Mary Rose'' would have carried a captain, a master responsible for navigation, and deck crew. There would also have been a purser responsible for handling payments, a [[boatswain]], the captain's second in command, at least one carpenter, a pilot in charge of navigation, and a cook, all of whom had one or more assistants (mates). The ship was also staffed by a [[barber-surgeon]] who tended to the sick and wounded, along with an apprentice or mate and possibly also a junior surgeon.{{sfnp|Gardiner|2005|pp=11–12}} The only positively identified person who went down with the ship was Vice-Admiral [[George Carew (admiral)|George Carew]]. McKee, Stirland and several other authors have also named Roger Grenville, father of [[Richard Grenville]] of the Elizabethan-era ''[[English ship Revenge (1577)|Revenge]]'', captain during the final battle,{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=53–54}} although the accuracy of the sourcing for this has been disputed by maritime archaeologist Peter Marsden.{{sfnp|Marsden|2003|pp=9–10}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Crew{{sfnp|Marsden|2003|p=10}}
|-
! Date !! Soldiers !! Mariners !! Gunners !! Others !! Total
|-
! Summer 1512
| 411 || 206 || 120 || 22 || 759
|-
! October 1512
| ? || 120 || 20 || 20 || 160
|-
! 1513
| ? || 200 || ? || ? || 200
|-
! 1513
| ? || 102 || 6 || ? || 108
|-
! 1522
| 126 || 244 || 30 || 2 || 402
|-
! 1524
| 185 || 200 || 20 || ? || 405
|-
! 1545/46<ref>Dating uncertain since the [[Anthony Roll]] was made over a longer period of time that extended beyond the sinking of the ''Mary Rose''.</ref>
| 185 || 200 || 30 || ? || 415
|}

The bones of a total of 179 people were found during the excavations of the ''Mary Rose'', including 92 "fairly complete skeletons", more or less complete collections of bones associated with specific individuals.{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=74–76}} Analysis of these has shown that crew members were all male, most of them young adults. Some were no more than 11–13 years old, and the majority (81%) under 30. They were mainly of English origin and, according to archaeologist Julie Gardiner, they most likely came from the [[West Country]]; many following their aristocratic masters into maritime service.{{sfnp|Gardiner|2005|pp=11–12}} There were also a few people from continental Europe. An eyewitness testimony right after the sinking refers to a survivor who was a [[Flemish people|Fleming]], and the pilot may very well have been French. Analysis of oxygen [[isotope]]s in teeth indicates that some were also of southern European origin.{{sfnp|Gardiner|2005|p=12}}{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|p=149}} At least one crewmember was of North African ancestry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Steven |date=May 5, 2021 |title=Mary Rose ship had multi-ethnic crew, study shows |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/may/05/mary-rose-ship-multi-ethnic-crew-tudor-england |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref>{{sfnp|Scorrer |Faillace |Hildred |Nederbragt |2021}} In general they were strong, well-fed men, but many of the bones also reveal tell-tale signs of childhood diseases and a life of grinding toil. The bones also showed traces of numerous healed fractures, probably the result of on-board accidents.{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=113–114}}

There are no extant written records of the make-up of the broader categories of soldiers and sailors, but since the ''Mary Rose'' carried some 300 longbows and several thousand arrows there had to be a considerable proportion of [[longbow]] archers. Examination of the skeletal remains has found that there was a disproportionate number of men with a condition known as ''[[os acromiale]]'', affecting their [[shoulder blade]]s. This condition is known among modern elite archery athletes and is caused by placing considerable stress on the arm and shoulder muscles, particularly of the left arm that is used to hold the bow to brace against the pull on the bowstring. Among the men who died on the ship it was likely that some had practised using the longbow since childhood, and served on board as specialist archers.{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=118–130}}

A group of six skeletons was found close to one of the 2-tonne bronze [[culverin]]s on the main deck near the bow. Fusing of parts of the spine and [[ossification]], the growth of new bone, on several [[vertebrae]] evidenced all but one of these crewmen to have been strong, well-muscled men who had been engaged in heavy pulling and pushing, the exception possibly being a "[[powder monkey]]" not involved in heavy work. These have been tentatively classified as members of a complete gun crew, all having died at their battle station.{{sfnp|Stirland|2000|pp=139–142}}