Editing Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (section)

==Duchess of Parma==
[[Image:Marie-Louise of Austria, Duchess of Parma.jpg|thumb|150px|Portrait in 1839]]
[[Image:Maria Luigia dagherrotipo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Daguerreotype]] of Marie Louise, 1847]]
Marie Louise departed for Parma on 7 March 1816, accompanied by Neipperg.<ref>Marchi, p. 201</ref> She entered the duchy on 18 April. She wrote to her father: "People welcomed me with such enthusiasm that I had tears in my eyes."<ref name="herre233">Herre, p. 233–234</ref> She largely left the running of day-to-day affairs to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich.<ref name="herre233"/> In December 1816, Marie Louise removed the incumbent Grand Chamberlain (prime minister) and installed Neipperg.<ref name="lasagna"/>

She and Neipperg had three children:<ref name="herman"/><ref name="dsaix"/>
* Albertine, Countess of Montenuovo (1817–1867), married Luigi Sanvitale, Count of Fontanellato
* [[William Albert, 1st Prince of Montenuovo|William Albert]], Count of Montenuovo, later created Prince of Montenuovo (1819–1895), married Countess Juliana [[Batthyány|Batthyány von Németújvár]]
* {{Citation needed span|Mathilde, Countess of Montenuovo (1822–c.1823)|date=December 2022}}

Napoleon died on 5 May 1821. On 8 August, Marie Louise married Neipperg [[morganatic marriage|morganatically]].<ref name="herman"/><ref name="dsaix"/> Neipperg died of heart problems on 22 February 1829,<ref name="herre260"/> devastating Marie Louise.<ref name="herre260">Herre, p. 260–263</ref> She was banned by Austria from mourning in public.<ref name="herre260"/> To replace Neipperg, Austria appointed Josef von Werklein as Grand Chamberlain.

Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, then known as "Franz", was given the title ''Duke of Reichstadt'' in 1818.<ref>Chastenet, p. 404</ref> Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great affection by his grandfather, but was constantly undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to sideline him to become an irrelevance. There were fears that he might be smuggled over to France to regain the throne, as he could be easily disguised as a girl. 
Franz grew resentful at his Austrian relatives and his mother for their lack of support, and began identifying as Napoleon II and surrounding himself with French courtiers.<ref>de Saint-Amand, p. xii</ref> The relationship with his mother broke down when he became aware that his mother had borne two illegitimate children<ref name="Markham, Felix p. 249">Markham, Felix, ''Napoleon'', p. 249</ref> to Neipperg prior to their marriage; this occurred to such an extent that he once remarked "If [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Josephine]] had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at [[Saint Helena]], and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved; Josephine was."<ref name="Markham, Felix p. 249"/> However, before anything could become of Napoleon II, he died at the age of 21 in Vienna in 1832, after suffering from [[tuberculosis]].

1831 saw the outbreak of the [[Carbonari]]-led uprisings in Italy. In Parma, protesters gathered in the streets to denounce Grand Chamberlain Werklein.<ref name="herre279">Herre, 279–280</ref> Marie Louise did not know what to do and wanted to leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protesters, who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands.<ref name="herre279"/> She managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and the rebels formed a provisional government, led by Count Filippo Luigi Linati.<ref>Lasagni, [http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Liani-Lovisini.aspx?idMostra=38&idNode=268#linati_luigi "Linati, Filippo Luigi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106103916/http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Liani-Lovisini.aspx?idMostra=38&idNode=268#linati_luigi |date=6 January 2017 }}</ref> At [[Piacenza]], she wrote to her father, asking him to replace Werklein.<ref name="herre279"/> Francis sent in Austrian troops, which crushed the rebellion.<ref>Fiorenzuola d'Arda</ref> To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on 29 September.<ref>Schiel, p. 333</ref>

To replace Werklein, in 1833, Metternich sent [[Charles-René de Bombelles]], a French émigré nobleman who had served in the Austrian army against Napoleon. Bombelles was an excellent Grand Chamberlain, who thoroughly reformed the finances of the duchy. A middle-aged widower, he also developed a close personal relationship with Marie Louise. Six months after his arrival, on 17 February 1834, she married him, again morganatically.<ref>Schiel, p. 345–347</ref>