Editing Manichaeism (section)

====Arab world====
that Manicheism went further on to the Arabian peninsula, up to the Hejaz and Mecca, where it could have possibly contributed to the formation of the doctrine of Islam, cannot be proven in pre-Islamic Arabia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-iv-missionary-activity-and-technique-|title=MANICHEISM v. MISSIONARY ACTIVITY AND TECHNIQUE: Manicheism in Arabia|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=2019-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116235921/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-iv-missionary-activity-and-technique-|url-status=live}}</ref> and there was no existence of Manichaeism in the Hejaz.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=tavakoli |first1=mohammadhadi |title=Investigating the possibility of Manichaean presence in Hejaz during the pre-Islamic |journal=Studies of Religions and Denominations |url=https://arj.urd.ac.ir/article_200127_e388d1dae7d4ecbb8b090fcf5512a71c.pdf?lang=en}}</ref> Under the eighth-century [[Abbasid Caliphate]], Arabic {{lang|ar-Latn|zindīq}} and the adjectival term {{lang|ar-Latn|zandaqa}} could denote many different things,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=tavakoli |first1=mohammadhadi |title=A Semantic Study of Common Zandaqa in Quraysh in Pre-Islamic Era |journal=History of Philosophy |url=http://hop.mullasadra.org/fa/Article/41534/FullText}}</ref> but it seems to have primarily—or at least initially—signified a follower of Manichaeism; however its true meaning is not known.<ref name="Zaman1997">{{citation|last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xkpdl6UVOwC&pg=PA64 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |pages=63–65 |isbn=978-90-04-10678-9}}</ref> From the ninth century, it is reported that Caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] tolerated a community of Manichaeans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n2_v16/ai_16502939/pg_5/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711053736/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_n2_v16/ai_16502939/pg_5/ |archive-date=11 July 2012 |work=Arab Studies Quarterly |first=Mahmood |last=Ibrahim |title=Religious inquisition as social policy: the persecution of the 'Zanadiqa' in the early Abbasid Caliphate |year=1994}}</ref>

During the early Abbasid period, the Manichaeans underwent persecution. The third Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mahdi]], persecuted the Manichaeans, establishing an inquisition against dualists who, if found guilty of heresy, refused to renounce their beliefs, were executed. Their persecution was ended in the 780s by [[Harun al-Rashid]].<ref name="Christine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPgGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Medieval Heresies |first=Christine Caldwell |last=Ames |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2015 |page= 88 |isbn=978-1-107-02336-9}}</ref><ref>Irfan Shahîd, ''Byzantium and the Arabs in the fourth century'', 1984, p. 425.</ref> During the reign of the Caliph [[al-Muqtadir]], many Manichaeans fled from [[Mesopotamia]] to [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] in fear of persecution, and the base of the religion was later shifted to [[Samarkand]].<ref name="Wendy"/><ref name="Jacques"/>