Editing Manga (section)

== International markets ==
{{Main|Manga outside Japan}}

By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pink|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Wong|2007}}</ref> "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to [[aesthetic]] effects on comics artists internationally.

[[File:Manga reading direction.svg|thumb|upright|The reading direction in a traditional manga]]

Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|right to left]]. Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping".<ref name="Farago">{{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as a person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side, however these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping.<ref>{{cite news |author=Randal, Bill |url=http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html |title=English, For Better or Worse |work=[[The Comics Journal]] |date=2005 |edition=Special |publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323204112/http://archives.tcj.com/sp2005/intro.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2023, the [[Japan Business Federation]] laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of [[Economy of Japan|Japan]] by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and [[Video games in Japan|video games]], for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with the [[Tourism in Japan|tourism sector]] to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks to quadruple the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Joana |date=10 April 2023 |title=Japan's leading business lobby group says anime, manga key to economic growth |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3216598/japans-leading-business-lobby-group-says-anime-manga-key-economic-growth |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629011447/https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3216598/japans-leading-business-lobby-group-says-anime-manga-key-economic-growth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/japan-manga-to-spearhead-nations-economic-growth/a-65393781 |title=Japan: Manga to spearhead nation's economic growth |website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630204528/https://www.dw.com/en/japan-manga-to-spearhead-nations-economic-growth/a-65393781 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{see also|Japanese influence on Korean culture|Japanese influence on Chinese culture}}
[[File:Manga bookshop in Hanoi, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|150px|Manga shelf in "Kim Đồng" bookstore, 55 Quang Trung, [[Hanoi]], Vietnam]]
Manga has highly influenced the art styles of [[manhwa]] and [[manhua]].<ref>Sugiyama, Rika. Comic Artists—Asia: Manga, Manhwa, Manhua. New York: Harper, 2004. Introduces the work of comics artists in Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong through artist profiles and interviews that provide insight into their processes.
</ref> Manga in Indonesia is published by [[Elex Media Komputindo]], [[Level Comic]], [[M&C (publisher)|M&C]] and [[Gramedia]]. Manga has influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. Manga in the Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language is [[Doraemon]] which was published by J-Line Comics and was then followed by [[Case Closed]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 2015, [[Boys' Love]] manga became popular through the introduction of BL manga by printing company BLACKink. Among the first BL titles to be printed were Poster Boy, Tagila, and Sprinters, all were written in Filipino. BL manga have become bestsellers in the top three bookstore companies in the Philippines since their introduction in 2015. During the same year, [[Yaoi|Boys' Love]] manga have become a popular mainstream with Thai consumers, leading to television series adapted from BL manga stories since 2016.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Manga piracy is an increasing problem in Asia which effects many publishers. This has led to the Japanese government taking legal action against multiple operators of pirate websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/10/asia/japan-philippines-manga-pirate-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Alleged manga pirate arrested in the Philippines|website=[[CNN]]|date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Manga has become increasingly popular in Southeast Asia being one the main assets of Japan's [[soft power]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fulcrum.sg/aseanfocus/the-courteous-charmer-a-hard-look-at-japans-soft-power-in-southeast-asia/|title=The Courteous Charmer: A Hard Look at Japan's Soft Power in Southeast Asia|date=18 October 2023|website=fulcrum.sg}}</ref> Since the start of the 2020s the sales of manga have also significantly increased in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/india-emerges-as-japanese-manga-s-latest-superhero-amid-rising-interest-125011400859_1.html|title=India emerges as Japanese Manga's latest 'superhero' amid rising interest|website=Business Standart|date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:Sakura Eldorado.jpg|thumb|300px|The comic book and manga store ''Sakura Eldorado'' in [[Hamburg]], Germany]]
Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.<ref name="Euromanga">{{Harvnb|Fishbein|2007}}</ref> French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century ([[Japonism]])<ref name="Japonisme">{{Harvnb|Berger|1992}}</ref> and has its own highly developed tradition of [[bande dessinée]] cartooning.<ref name="VollBD">{{Harvnb|Vollmar|2007}}</ref> Manga was introduced to France in the late 1990s, where Japanese pop culture became massively popular: in 2021, 55% of comics sold in the country were manga and France is the biggest manga importer.<ref name="mahousu">{{Harvnb|Mahousu|2005}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mahousu|2005}}, {{Harvnb|ANN|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Riciputi|2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoad |first=Phil |date=29 March 2023 |title=Manga-nifique! How France became obsessed with Japanese anime |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/29/france-manga-anime-murakami-macron |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711033110/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/29/france-manga-anime-murakami-macron |url-status=live }}</ref>

By mid-2021, 75 percent of the €300 value of {{ill|Culture Pass|fr|Pass Culture}} accounts given to French 18 year-olds was spent on manga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breeden |first=Aurelien |date=31 July 2021 |title=France Gave Teenagers $350 for Culture. They're Buying Comic Books. |language=en-US |volume=170 |page=C1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issue=59136 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/arts/france-culture-pass.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/arts/france-culture-pass.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=31 July 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.<ref name="Euromanga" /> France represents about 50% of the European market and is the second worldwide market, behind Japan.<ref name="Danica Davidson" /> In 2013, there were 41 publishers of manga in France and, together with other Asian comics, manga represented around 40% of new comics releases in the country,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/booknews/comics/article/61030-strong-french-manga-market-begins-to-dip.html |title=Strong French Manga Market Begins to Dip |author=Brigid Alverson |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=publishersweekly.com |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409095632/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/booknews/comics/article/61030-strong-french-manga-market-begins-to-dip.html |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassing [[Franco-Belgian comics]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2014/01/french-comics-in-2013-its-not-all-asterix-but-quite-a-bit-is/ |title=French Comics In 2013 – It's Not All Asterix. But Quite A Bit Is. |author=Rich Johnston |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=bleedingcool.com |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130955/https://bleedingcool.com/comics/french-comics-in-2013-its-not-all-asterix-but-quite-a-bit-is/ |url-status=live }}</ref> European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka, [[Casterman]], [[Glénat (publisher)|Glénat]], [[Kana (publisher)|Kana]], and [[Pika Édition]], among others.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} European publishers also translate manga into Dutch, German, Italian, and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany were manga.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,525417,00.html |title=Europe's Manga Mania |author=Jennifer Fishbein |date=27 December 2007 |access-date=30 January 2012 |work=Spiegel Online International |archive-date=14 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014050847/http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,525417,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2010 the country celebrates Manga Day on every 27 August. In 2021 manga sales in Germany rose by 75% from its original record of 70 million in 2005. As of 2022 Germany is the third largest manga market in Europe after Italy and France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/manga-comics-keep-booming-in-germany/a-62913999 |title=Manga comics keep booming in Germany |website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |date=27 August 2022 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506234731/https://www.dw.com/en/manga-comics-keep-booming-in-germany/a-62913999 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, the Spanish manga market hit a record of 1033 new title publications. In 2022 the 28th edition of the [[Manga Barcelona|Barcelona Manga Festival]] opened its doors to more than 163,000 fans, compared to a pre-pandemic 120,000 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/spains-pandemic-fuelled-addiction-to-manga-sparks-sales-surge |title=Spain's pandemic-fuelled addiction to Manga sparks sales surge |website=[[euronews.com]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511164757/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/spains-pandemic-fuelled-addiction-to-manga-sparks-sales-surge |url-status=live }}</ref>

Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]] and Titan Books.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the [[Tanoshimi]] line from [[Random House]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} In 2019 [[The British Museum]] held a [[The Citi Exhibition: Manga|mass exhibition dedicated to manga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga |title=The Citi exhibition Manga マンガ |website=The British Museum |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131035/https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition |title=Manga in the frame: images from the British Museum exhibition |website=The Guardian |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131057/https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/23/manga-british-museum-elgin-marbles |title=Manga belongs in the British Museum as much as the Elgin marbles |website=The Guardian |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130954/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/23/manga-british-museum-elgin-marbles |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Europe manga market size was estimated at USD 676.1 million in 2023 and is expected to grow at a [[CAGR]] of 19.6% from 2024 to 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/europe-manga-market-report|title=Europe Manga Market Size & Trends|website= Grand View Research|date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

=== United States ===
[[File:Manga at Barnes & Noble, Tanforan 3.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The manga section at [[Barnes & Noble]] in [[San Bruno]], [[California]]]]
Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.<ref name="Patten">{{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> Some U.S. [[Fan (person)|fans]] became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Patten2">In 1987, "...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers", {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|p=259}}</ref> However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,<ref>{{Harvnb|Napier|2000|pp=239–256}}, {{Harvnb|Clements|McCarthy|2006|pp=475–476}}</ref> many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute {{Lang|ja-latn|tankōbon}}-style manga books.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=305–340}}, {{Harvnb|Leonard|2004}}</ref> One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was [[Keiji Nakazawa]]'s ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'', an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by [[Leonard Rifas]] and Educomics (1980–1982).<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=309}}, {{Harvnb|Rifas|2004}}, Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were ''Gen of Hiroshima'' and ''I SAW IT''{{Sic}}.</ref> More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including ''[[Golgo 13]]'' in 1986, ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'' from [[First Comics]] in 1987, and ''[[Kamui (1964 manga)|Kamui]]'', ''[[Area 88]]'', and ''[[Mai the Psychic Girl]]'', also in 1987 and all from [[Viz Media]]-[[Eclipse Comics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=37, 259–260}}, {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xv}}</ref> Others soon followed, including ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' from [[Marvel Comics]]' [[Epic Comics]] imprint, ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' from Viz Media, and ''[[Appleseed (manga)|Appleseed]]'' from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later ''Iczer-1'' ([[Antarctic Press]], 1994) and [[Ippongi Bang]]'s ''F-111 Bandit'' (Antarctic Press, 1995).

During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese animation, such as ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]'', ''[[Dragon Ball]]'', ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', and ''[[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]]'', made a larger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leonard|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=52–73}}, {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur [[Toren Smith]] founded [[Studio Proteus]] in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including [[Masamune Shirow]]'s ''Appleseed'' and [[Kōsuke Fujishima]]'s ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', for [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse]] and [[Eros Comix]], eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=318–321}}, {{Harvnb|Dark Horse Comics|2004}}</ref>
Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher [[Shogakukan]] opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.<ref name="Farago" />

Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.<ref name=Brienza2009>{{cite journal |last=Brienza |first=Casey E. |title=Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States |journal=Publishing Research Quarterly |year=2009 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/s12109-009-9114-2 |s2cid=143718638}}</ref> The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (translated by [[Frederik L. Schodt]] and [[Toren Smith]]) becoming very popular among fans.<ref>{{cite book |ref=gho |last=Kwok Wah Lau |first=Jenny |year=2003 |chapter=4 |title=Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia |page=78 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press}}</ref> An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was ''[[Sailor Moon]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=50, 110, 124, 128, 135}}, {{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}</ref> By 1995–1998, the [[Sailor Moon (manga)|''Sailor Moon'' manga]] had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=95}}</ref> In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing ''Sailor Moon'', along with [[Clamp (manga artists)|CLAMP]]'s ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'', [[Hitoshi Iwaaki]]'s ''[[Parasyte]]'' and [[Tsutomu Takahashi]]'s ''[[Ice Blade]]'' in the monthly manga magazine ''[[MixxZine]]''. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed [[Tokyopop]], also published manga in [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperbacks]] and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Bacon|2005}}</ref>

During this period, [[Dark Horse Manga]] was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', the company published ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'', ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]'', ''[[Blade of the Immortal]]'', ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'', [[Yasuhiro Nightow]]'s ''[[Trigun]]'' and ''[[Blood Blockade Battlefront]]'', ''[[Gantz]]'', [[Kouta Hirano]]'s ''[[Hellsing]]'' and ''[[Drifters (manga)|Drifters]]'', ''[[Blood+]]'', ''[[Multiple Personality Detective Psycho]]'', ''[[FLCL]]'', ''[[Mob Psycho 100]]'', and ''[[Oreimo]]''. The company received 13 [[Eisner Award]] nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to [[The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame]] — [[Osamu Tezuka]], [[Kazuo Koike]], and [[Goseki Kojima]] — were published in Dark Horse translations.<ref>Horn, Carl Gustav. "Horsepower," (Dark Horse Comics, March 2007).</ref>

In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=308–319}}</ref> The [[List of Pokémon manga|''Pokémon'' manga]] ''[[Electric Tale of Pikachu]]'' issue #1 sold over 1{{nbsp}}million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single [[comic book]] in the United States since 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title |url=http://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |work=Comichron |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509012448/https://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reid|2009}}</ref> Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/14/books/manga-comic-books.html|title=How Manga Was Translated for America|website= The New York Times|date=14 July 2023}}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', and ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glazer|2005}}, {{Harvnb|Masters|2006}}, {{Harvnb|Bosker|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Pink|2007}}</ref> As of 2017, manga distributor [[Viz Media]] is the largest publisher of [[graphic novel]]s and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magulick |first1=Aaron |title=Viz Manga Sales are Destroying DC, Marvel in Comic Market |url=http://goboiano.com/viz-manga-sales-are-destroying-dc-marvel-in-comic-market/ |work=GoBoiano |date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102607/http://goboiano.com/viz-manga-sales-are-destroying-dc-marvel-in-comic-market/ |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[BookScan]] sales show that manga is one of the fastest-growing areas of the comic book and narrative fiction markets. From January 2019 to May 2019, the manga market grew 16%, compared to the overall comic book market's 5% growth. [[The NPD Group]] noted that, compared to other comic book readers, manga readers are younger (76% under 30) and more diverse, including a higher female readership (16% higher than other comic books).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sales of Manga Books are on the Rise in the United States, The NPD Group Says: A big wave of imported Japanese culture is finding a hungry and growing reading audience |url=https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/2019/sales-of-manga-books-are-on-the-rise-in-the-united-states-the-npd-group-says/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=[[The NPD Group]] |date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131042/https://www.circana.com/intelligence/category/press-releases/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share.<ref name="manga-marketshare">{{cite web |date=21 May 2020 |url=https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/ |title=Japan's Image morphed from a fierce military empire to eccentric pop culture superpower |publisher=Quartz |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021121139/https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] some stores of the American bookseller [[Barnes & Noble]] saw up to a 500% increase in sales from [[graphic novel]] and manga sales due to the younger generations showing a high interest in the medium.<ref>{{cite web |title=The pandemic has sparked a book craze – and Barnes & Noble is cashing in |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/the-pandemic-has-sparked-a-book-craze-and-barnes-noble-is-cashing-in |publisher=[[Fox Business]] |date=19 September 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145605/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/the-pandemic-has-sparked-a-book-craze-and-barnes-noble-is-cashing-in |url-status=live }}</ref> Sales of print manga titles in the U.S. increased by 3.6 million units in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Streaming Anime Lifts Manga Sales |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/86276-anime-readers-lift-manga-sales.html |website=Publishers Weekly |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102201945/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/86276-anime-readers-lift-manga-sales.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, 24.4 million units of manga were sold in the United States. This is an increase of about 15 million (160%) more sales than in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manga Sales Managed to Double in 2021, Says New Report |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-sales-2021-united-states/ |website=comicbook.com |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054952/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-sales-2021-united-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090528/manga-sales-us/ |title=Manga sales growth in the United States from 2019 to 2021 |website=[[Statista]] |date=February 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802233816/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090528/manga-sales-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, most of the top-selling comic creators in the United States were mangaka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-anime-sales-2022-united-states-list/ |title=New Report Confirms Manga Artists Led U.S. Comic Sales in 2022 |website=comicbook.com |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130954/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-anime-sales-2022-united-states-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year manga sales saw an increase of 9%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-03/icv2-u.s-manga-sales-increase-by-9-percent-in-2022/.195562 |title=ICv2: U.S. Manga Sales Increase By 9% in 2022 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130955/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-03/icv2-u.s-manga-sales-increase-by-9-percent-in-2022/.195562 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023 manga sales amounted a value of $381.16 million USD with 57% of all titles sold coming from Viz Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/popular-manga-sales-2024-viz-media/|title=Viz Media Tops U.S. Manga Sales Amid Growing Competition, New Data Shows|website=comicbook.com|date=29 July 2024}}</ref>