Editing Magnetic sail (section)

=== Artificial magnetospheric model ===
[[File:Artifical Magnetospheric model.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Artificial magnetospheric model]]
The characteristics of the [[Earth's magnetosphere]] have been widely studied as a basis for magnetic sails. The figure shows streamlines of charged particles from a plasma wind from the Sun (or a star) or an effective wind when decelerating in the ISM flowing from left to right. A source attached to a spacecraft generates a magnetic field. Under certain conditions at the boundary where magnetic pressure equals the plasma wind kinetic pressure an artificial [[bow shock]] and [[magnetopause]] forms at a characteristic length <math>L</math> from the field source. The ionized plasma wind particles create a [[current sheet]] along the magnetopause, which compresses the magnetic field lines facing the oncoming plasma wind by a factor of 2 at magnetopause as shown in Figure 2a.<ref name=":3" /> The magnetopause deflects charged particles, which affects their streamlines and increases the density at magnetopause. A magnetospheric bubble or cavity forms that has very low density downstream from the magnetopause. Upstream from the magnetopause a [[bow shock]] develops. Simulation results often show the particle density through use of color with an example shown in the legend in the lower left. This figure uses aspects of the general structure from Zubrin,<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|location=Fig 3}} Toivanen<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last1=Toivanen |first1=P. K. |last2=Janhunen |first2=P. |last3=Koskinen |first3=H. E. J. |date=April 5, 2004 |title=Magnetospheric Propulsion (eMPii) |url=http://helios.fmi.fi/~pjanhune/papers/eMPii_final_1.3.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://helios.fmi.fi/~pjanhune/papers/eMPii_final_1.3.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=Finnish Meteorological Institute}}</ref>{{Rp|location=Fig 1}} and Funaki<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|location=Fig 2a}} and aspects of the plasma density from Khazanov<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Khazanov |first1=George |last2=Delamere |first2=Peter |last3=Kabin |first3=Konstantin |last4=Linde |first4=T. |last5=Krivorutsky |first5=E. |date=2003-07-20 |title=Fundamentals of the Plasma Sail Concept: MHD and Kinetic Studies |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2003-5225 |journal=39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit |series=Joint Propulsion Conferences |language=en |location=Huntsville, Alabama |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/6.2003-5225 |isbn=978-1-62410-098-7}}</ref>{{Rp|location=Fig 1}} and Cruz.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Cruz |first1=F. |last2=Alves |first2=E. P. |last3=Bamford |first3=R. A. |last4=Bingham |first4=R. |last5=Fonseca |first5=R. A. |last6=Silva |first6=L. O. |date=February 2017 |title=Formation of collisionless shocks in magnetized plasma interaction with kinetic-scale obstacles |url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4975310 |journal=Physics of Plasmas |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=022901 |doi=10.1063/1.4975310 |arxiv=1701.05802 |bibcode=2017PhPl...24b2901C |s2cid=55558009 |issn=1070-664X}}</ref>{{Rp|location=Fig 2}}