Editing Magma (section)

=== Temperature ===
Temperatures of molten lava, which is magma extruded onto the surface, are almost all in the range {{convert|700|to|1400|C|F|sigfig=2}}, but very rare [[carbonatite]] magmas may be as cool as {{convert|490|C|F|sigfig=2}},<ref name="Weidendorfer2017">{{cite journal|last1=Weidendorfer|first1=D.|last2=Schmidt|first2=M.W.|last3=Mattsson|first3=H.B.|year=2017|title=A common origin of carbonatite magmas|journal=Geology|volume=45|issue=6|pages=507–510|doi=10.1130/G38801.1|bibcode=2017Geo....45..507W|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/190852|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and [[komatiite]] magmas may have been as hot as {{convert|1600|C|F|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Herzberg|first1=C.|last2=Asimow|first2=P. D.|last3=Arndt|first3=N.|last4=Niu|first4=Y.|last5=Lesher|first5=C. M.|last6=Fitton|first6=J. G.|last7=Cheadle|first7=M. J.|last8=Saunders|first8=A. D.|date=2007|title=Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: Constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|volume=8|issue=2|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2006gc001390|bibcode=2007GGG.....8.2006H|hdl=20.500.11919/1080|s2cid=14145886 |issn=1525-2027|url=http://repository.uwyo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=geology_facpub|hdl-access=free|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427092642/https://repository.uwyo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=geology_facpub|url-status=dead}}</ref> Magma has occasionally been encountered during drilling in geothermal fields, including drilling in Hawaii that penetrated a dacitic magma body at a depth of {{cvt|2488|m}}. The temperature of this magma was estimated at {{convert|1050|C|F|sigfig=3}}. Temperatures of deeper magmas must be inferred from theoretical computations and the geothermal gradient.<ref name="hawaii-wellfield-dacite"/>

Most magmas contain some solid crystals suspended in the liquid phase. This indicates that the temperature of the magma lies between the [[solidus (chemistry)|solidus]], which is defined as the temperature at which the magma completely solidifies, and the [[liquidus]], defined as the temperature at which the magma is completely liquid.<ref name="philpotts-ague-phenocrysts"/> Calculations of solidus temperatures at likely depths suggests that magma generated beneath areas of rifting starts at a temperature of about {{convert|1300|to|1500|C|F|sigfig=2}}. Magma generated from mantle plumes may be as hot as {{convert|1600|C|F|sigfig=2}}. The temperature of magma generated in subduction zones, where water vapor lowers the melting temperature, may be as low as {{convert|1060|C|F|sigfig=3}}.{{sfn|Philpotts|Ague|2009|pp=593-597}}