Editing Lycia (section)

====The Lycian monarchy====
[[File:Karaburun Elmali dignitary 470 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Lycian dignitary in Achaemenid style, at the Karaburun tomb near [[Elmalı]], Lycia, c. 475 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=André-Salvini |first1=Béatrice |title=Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520247314 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA46}}</ref>]]
The [[Achaemenids|Achaemenid Persian]] policy toward Lycia was hands-off.<ref name="Keen 1998 84"/> There was not even a satrap stationed in the country. The reason for this tolerance after such a determined initial resistance is that the Iranians were utilizing another method of control: the placement of aristocratic Persian families in a region to exercise putative home rule. There is some evidence that the Lycian population was not as docile as the Persian hand-off policy would suggest. A section of the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]] called the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, regarding the redistribution of goods and services in the Persepolis [[palace economy]], mentions some redistributed prisoners of war, among whom were the Turmirla or Turmirliya, Lycian Trm̃mili, "Lycians." They lived during the reign of [[Darius I]] (522–486), the tablets dating from 509.<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=86}}.</ref>

{{multiple image
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|title=Ogival tombs
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| image1 = The tomb of Payava, a Lykian aristocrat, about 375-360 BC, from Xanthos, British Museum (9504934234).jpg
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| caption1 = The [[tomb of Payava]], a Lykian aristocrat, about 375–360 BC, from [[Xanthos]], [[British Museum]].
| image2 = Tomb at Pinara.jpg
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| caption2 = Ogival (pointed [[Barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]]) rock-cut tomb at [[Pinara]], Lycia, highly reminiscent of Indian [[Chaitya]] arches.<ref name="GHA">{{cite book |last1=Ching |first1=Francis D.K |author-link1=Frank Ching |last2=Jarzombek |first2=Mark M. |author-link2=Mark Jarzombek |last3=Prakash |first3=Vikramaditya |title=A Global History of Architecture |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118981603 |page=707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT707}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coomaraswamy |first1=Ananda K. |title=History of Indian and Indonesian art |date=1972 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313 12] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bombay |first1=Asiatic Society of |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |date=1974 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NW1AAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=The Lydian tombs at Pinara and Xanthos, on the south-coast of Asia Minor, were excavated like the early Indian rock-hewn chaitya-hall. |last1=Joveau-Dubreuil |first1=Gabriel |title=Vedic antiquites |date=1976 |publisher=Akshara |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcEtAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
| caption_align = center
}} 
For closer attention to their conquered, the Persian government preferred to establish a [[client state]], setting up a monarchy under their control. The term "[[dynast]]" has come into use among English-speaking scholars, but that is not a native term. The Lycian inscriptions indicate the monarch was titled xñtawati, more phonetically khñtawati. The holders of this title can be traced in coin legends, having been given the right to coin. Lycia had a single monarch, who ruled the entire country from a palace at Xanthos. The monarchy was hereditary, hence the term "dynast." It was utilized by Persia as a means of transmitting Persian policy. It must have been they who put down local resistance and transported the prisoners to Persepolis, or ordered them transported. Some members of the dynasty were Iranian, but mainly it was native Lycian. If the survivors of 546 were in fact herdsmen (speculation), then all the Xanthian nobility had perished, and the Persians must have designated some other Lycian noble, whom they could trust.<ref name=Keen87>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=87}}.</ref>

The first dynast is believed to be the person mentioned in the last line of the Greek epigram inscribed on the [[Xanthian Obelisk]], which says "this monument has brought glory to the family (genos) of ka[]ika," which has a letter missing. It is probably not *karikas, for Kherika, as the latter is translated in the [[Letoon trilingual]] as Gergis. A more likely possibility is *kasikas for Kheziga, the same as Kheriga's uncle, the successor to Kuprlli, who predeceased him.<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=81}}.</ref>

Herodotus mentioned that the leader of the Lycian fleet under [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] in the [[Second Persian War]] of 480&nbsp;BC was ''Kuberniskos Sika'', previously interpreted as "Cyberniscus, the son of Sicas," two non-Lycian names.<ref>Herodotus, The Histories, 7.98.</ref> A slight regrouping of the letters obtains ''kubernis kosika'', "Cybernis, son of Cosicas," where Cosicas is for Kheziga.<ref name=Keen87/> Cybernis went to the bottom of the Straits of Salamis with the entire Lycian fleet in the [[Battle of Salamis]], but he may be commemorated by the [[Harpy Tomb]]. According to this theory, Cybernis was the KUB of the first coin legends, dated to the window, 520–500.<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=89}}.</ref> The date would have been more towards 500.<ref>{{harvnb|Hill|1897|p=xxvi}}. – Coin Series I of the British Museum, bearing the KUB, is dated by Hill to the window 520–480, somewhat less precisely than the 520–500.</ref>

There is a gap, however, between him and Kuprlli, who should have had a father named the same as his son, Kheziga. The name Kubernis does not appear again. Keen suggests that [[Darius I]] created the kingship on reorganizing the satrapies in 525, and that on the intestate death of Kubernis in battle, the Persians chose another relative named Kheziga, who was the father of Kuprlli. The Lycian dynasty may therefore be summarized as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=221}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!width=25% |Greek Name !! Lycian "Kings" (at Xanthos) !! Local Lycian rulers !!Coinage!!width=35% | Status !!Date BC
|-
|Pre-dynastic period (c.540–c.530 BC) ||  ||  ||[[File:LYCIA,_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg|center|60px]]||Initial Achaemenid control since circa 542/539 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=224}}.</ref>|| c.540–c.530
|-
|Kosikas || Kheziga I ||  ||[[File:Lycia_coin_Circa_520-470_BCE.jpg|center|60px]] ||First of the line. || c.525
|-
|[[Kubernis]] || KUB ||  ||[[File:Kybernis_north_BM_B287.jpg|center|50px]] ||Second in succession, son of the former.|| c.520–480
|-
|Kosikas ||  || Kheziga II ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Uncertain dynast coinage. Circa 490-80-440-30 BC.jpg|center|60px]] || Third in succession, unknown relative (possibly son of Kheziga I ?). || fl. c.500
|-
| rowspan="3" | ? || rowspan="3" valign="top" | [[Kuprlli]] (ΚΟ𐊓, pronounced "coupe") ||  || [[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Kuprilli. Circa 480-440 BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| Kuprlli, son of Kheziga II, was fourth in succession. First monarch identifiable through coin legends.|| 480–c.440
|-
| colspan="3" | During Kuprlli's long reign at least a dozen local Lycian rulers started to mint their own coins,<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|pp=113–114}}.</ref> among them [[Teththiweibi]]: ||
|-
| Teththiweibi ||[[File:Coin of Teththiweibi, dynast of Achaemenid Lycia.jpg|center|60px]] || || c.450–430/20
|-
| Kosikas || (Kheziga III: heir-apparent) ||  ||  || Son of Kuprlli, first in line to succeed him, but died young. || † c.460
|-
| Harpagus (Iranian name) || (Arppakhu: regent for Kuprlli) ||  ||  || Son-in-law of Kuprlli. The elderly Kuprlli, when he became incapacitated, remained nominal king, but real power rested with Arpakkhu as his regent.<ref>{{harvnb|Keen|1998|p=117}}.</ref> || fl. c.450
|-
| [[Kheriga|Gergis]] || [[Kheriga]] ||  ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Kheriga. Circa 450-410 BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| Fifth in succession, son of Arppakhu. Probably regent for Kuprlli in his last years, after his death Kheriga became king himself. || c.440-c.410
|-
|? ||[[Kherei]]  ||  ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Kherei. Circa 440-30-410 BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| Sixth in succession, brother of Kheriga.|| c.410–c.390
|-
|[[Arbinas]] (Iranian name)|| [[Arbinas|Erbbina]]  ||  ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Erbbina. Circa 430-20-400 BC.jpg|center|60px]]||Seventh in succession, son of Kheriga. The last known of the line.|| c.390–c.380
|-
| Artembares (Iranian name, *Rtambura, self-identified as "the Mede.") || [[Artumpara|Arttum̃para]]  ||  ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Artumpara. Circa 400-370 BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| Ruler of western Lycia from Telmessos. Ousted by Perikle. || c.380–c.360
|-
|Mithrapata ||  || [[Mithrapata]] ||[[File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Mithrapata._Circa_390-370_BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| Ruler in eastern Lycia. || c.390–c.370
|-
|Pericles (Greek name) || [[Pericles, Dynast of Lycia|Perikle]]  ||  ||[[File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Perikles. Circa 380-360 BC.jpg|center|60px]]|| At first ruler of eastern Lycia from Limyra, then victor over Arttum̃para, rebel in the [[Revolt of the Satraps]], last Lycian king. || c.360
|}