Editing Louvre (section)

== Collections ==
The Musée du Louvre owns 615,797&nbsp;objects<ref name="rapport2019">[http://mini-site.louvre.fr/trimestriel/2020/RA2019/31/#zoom=z Rapport d'activité 2019 du musée du Louvre], p. 29, website www.louvre.fr.</ref> of which 482,943 are accessible online since 24 March 2021<ref>[https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/le-louvre-lance-un-site-internet-plus-immersif-et-une-base-publique-recensant-ses-collections-4033696 ''Le Louvre lance un site Internet plus immersif et une base publique recensant ses collections''], Le Journal du Dimanche, Marie-Anne Kleiber, 24 mars 2021, website le jdd.fr.</ref> and displays 35,000&nbsp;works of art in eight curatorial departments.<ref name=CollectionSize/>

The Louvre is home to one of the world's most extensive collections of art, including works from diverse cultures and time periods. Visitors can view iconic works like the [[Mona Lisa]] and the [[Winged Victory of Samothrace]], as well as pieces from ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The museum also features collections of decorative arts, Islamic art, and sculptures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louvre |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/collections |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407161102/https://www.louvre.fr/en/collections |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Egyptian antiquities ===
{{main|Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre}}
The department, comprising over 50,000&nbsp;pieces,{{R|Mignot|page=74}} includes artifacts from the [[Nile]] civilizations which date from 4,000&nbsp;BC to the 4th&nbsp;century AD.<ref name="Nave 42" /> The collection, among the world's largest, overviews Egyptian life spanning [[Ancient Egypt]], the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], [[Coptic art]], and the [[Roman Egypt|Roman]], [[History of Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]], and [[Byzantine]] periods.<ref name="Nave 42">Nave,&nbsp;pp. 42–43</ref>

The department's origins lie in the royal collection, but it was augmented by Napoleon's 1798 expeditionary trip with [[Dominique Vivant]], the future director of the Louvre.{{R|Mignot|page=76-77}} After [[Jean-François Champollion]] translated the [[Rosetta Stone]], [[Charles X of France|Charles&nbsp;X]] decreed that an Egyptian Antiquities department be created. Champollion advised the purchase of three collections, formed by [[Edmé-Antoine Durand]], [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], and [[Bernardino Drovetti]]; these additions added 7,000&nbsp;works. Growth continued via acquisitions by [[Auguste Mariette]], founder of the [[Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo. Mariette, after excavations at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], sent back crates of archaeological finds including ''[[The Seated Scribe]]''.{{R|Mignot|page=76-77}}<ref name="Egyptian"/>

Guarded by the [[Great Sphinx of Tanis]], the collection is housed in more than 20&nbsp;rooms. Holdings include art, [[papyrus]] scrolls, mummies, tools, clothing, jewelry, games, musical instruments, and weapons.{{R|Mignot|page=76-77}}<ref name="Nave 42"/> Pieces from the ancient period include the ''[[Gebel el-Arak Knife]]'' from 3400&nbsp;BC, ''The Seated Scribe'', and the ''Head of King Djedefre''. Middle Kingdom art, "known for its gold work and statues", moved from realism to idealization; this is exemplified by the [[schist]] statue of [[Amenemhatankh]] and the wooden ''Offering Bearer''. The New Kingdom and Coptic Egyptian sections are deep, but the statue of the goddess [[Nephthys]] and the limestone depiction of the goddess [[Hathor]] demonstrate New Kingdom sentiment and wealth.<ref name="Nave 42"/><ref name="Egyptian">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211727&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211727&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181077&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |publisher=Musée du Louvre |title=Egyptian Antiquities |access-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311063405/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211727&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211727&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181077&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=11 March 2008 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
Gebel el-Arak knife mp3h8783-cropped.jpg|The ''[[Gebel el-Arak Knife]]''; 3300-3200 BC; handle: elephant ivory, blade: flint; length: 25.8&nbsp;cm
File:The seated scribe-E 3023-IMG 4267-gradient.jpg| ''[[The Seated Scribe]]''; 2613–2494&nbsp;BC; painted limestone and inlaid [[quartz]]; height: 53.7&nbsp;cm
Sphinx, Louvre 15 June 2014.jpg|The ''[[Great Sphinx of Tanis]]''; circa 2600 BC; rose granite; height: 183&nbsp;cm, width: 154&nbsp;cm, thickness: 480&nbsp;cm
Akhenathon and Nefertiti E15593 mp3h8771-gradient.jpg|''[[Akhenaten]] and [[Nefertiti]]''; 1345 BC; painted limestone; height: 22.2&nbsp;cm, width: 12.3&nbsp;cm, thickness: 9.8&nbsp;cm
</gallery>

=== Near Eastern antiquities ===
[[File:Department of Near Eastern Antiquities, Louvre Museum.webp|thumb|Ancient sculpture exhibited in the Department of Near Eastern Antiquities at the Louvre Museum]]
Near Eastern antiquities, the second newest department, dates from 1881 and presents an overview of early Near Eastern civilization and "first settlements", before the arrival of [[Islam]]. The department is divided into three geographic areas: the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]] (Iraq), and Persia (Iran). The collection's development corresponds to archaeological work such as [[Paul-Émile Botta]]'s 1843 expedition to [[Khorsabad]] and the discovery of [[Sargon II]]'s palace.<ref name="Nave 42"/>{{R|Mignot|page=119}} These finds formed the basis of the Assyrian museum, the precursor to today's department.<ref name="Nave 42"/>

The museum contains exhibits from [[Sumer]] and the city of [[Akkad (city)|Akkad]], with monuments such as the Prince of Lagash's ''[[Stele of the Vultures]]'' from 2450&nbsp;BC and the [[stele]] erected by [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], King of Akkad, to celebrate a victory over barbarians in the [[Zagros Mountains]]. The {{convert|2.25|m|ft|2|adj=on}} [[Code of Hammurabi]], discovered in 1901, displays [[Babylonian Law]]s prominently, so that no man could plead their ignorance. The 18th-century BC mural of the ''[[Investiture of Zimrilim]]'' and the 25th-century BC ''[[Statue of Ebih-Il]]'' found in the ancient city-state of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] are also on display at the museum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caubet |first=Annie |url=http://archive.org/details/louvreneareaster0000caub |title=The Louvre : Near Eastern antiquities |date=1991 |publisher=Paris : Ed. Scala, Réunion des musées nationaux |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-2-7118-2477-9}}</ref>

A significant portion of the department covers the ancient [[Levant]], including the ''[[Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II]]'' discovered in 1855, which catalyzed [[Ernest Renan]]'s 1860 ''[[Mission de Phénicie]]''. It contains one of the world's largest and most comprehensive collections of [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions]]. The section also covers North African Punic antiquities (Punic = Western Phoenician), given the significant French presence in the region in the 19th century, with early finds including the 1843 discovery of the [[Ain Nechma inscriptions]].

The Persian portion of Louvre contains work from the archaic period, like the ''Funerary Head'' and the Persian ''Archers of Darius I'',<ref name="Nave 42"/><ref name="Near East">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211730&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211730&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181111&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Decorative Arts |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=20 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020071258/http://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211730&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211730&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181111&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=20 October 2007 }}</ref> and rare objects from [[Persepolis]].<ref>{{cite news
| title =Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
| publisher =University of California Press
| year =2006
| url =http://arthistory.about.com/library/weekly/sp/bl_forgottenempcat_rev.htm
| access-date =12 November 2007
| archive-date =9 November 2011
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111109165244/http://arthistory.about.com/library/weekly/sp/bl_forgottenempcat_rev.htm
| url-status =dead
}}</ref>

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
Eshmunazar II sarcophagus (cleaned up).jpg|[[Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II]], one of only three Ancient Egyptian sarcophagi found outside Egypt, and the first Phoenician inscription discovered in Phoenicia
Cup Idalion Louvre N3455.jpg|[[Phoenician metal bowls]] from Cyprus
Ebih-Il Louvre AO17551 n01.jpg|The ''[[Statue of Ebih-Il]]''; circa 2400 BC; [[gypsum]], [[schist]], shells and [[lapis lazuli]]; height: 52.5&nbsp;cm
P1050763 Louvre code Hammurabi face rwk.JPG|The ''[[Code of Hammurabi]]''; 1755–1750 BC; [[basalt]]; height: 225&nbsp;cm, width: 79&nbsp;cm, thickness: 47&nbsp;cm
Human headed winged bull profile.jpg|[[Assyria]]n [[lamassu]] (Human-headed winged bull); circa 713–716 BC; 4.2 x 4.4 x 1 m
Immortels - dynamosquito.jpg|Frieze of archers, from the [[Palace of Darius]] at [[Susa]]; circa 510 BC; bricks
Sidon Mithraeum 'Collection Péretié', Louvre (2014-02-02a).jpg|Statues from the [[Sidon Mithraeum]]
</gallery>

=== Greek, Etruscan, and Roman ===
[[File:Greek antiquities in the Louvre - Room 340 D201903.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ancient Greek art|Greek]] antiquities in Room 11]]
The Greek, Etruscan, and Roman department displays pieces from the Mediterranean Basin dating from the [[Neolithic]] to the 6th&nbsp;century.<ref name="GreekER">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211729&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211729&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181112&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104162328/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211729&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211729&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181112&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=4 November 2007 }}</ref> The collection spans from the [[History of the Cyclades|Cycladic period]] to the decline of the Roman Empire. This department is one of the museum's oldest, and contains works acquired by [[Francis I of France|Francis I]].<ref name="Nave 42"/>{{R|Mignot|page=155-58}} Initially, the collection focused on marble sculptures, such as the ''[[Venus de Milo]]''. Works such as the ''[[Apollo Belvedere]]'' arrived during the Napoleonic Wars, of which some were returned after Napoleon I's fall in 1815. Other works, such as the [[Borghese Vase]], were bought by Napoleon. Later in the 19th&nbsp;century, the Louvre acquired works including vases from the Durand collection and bronzes.{{R|Mignot|page=92}}<ref name="GreekER"/>

The [[Archaic Greece|archaic]] is demonstrated by jewellery and pieces such as the limestone [[Lady of Auxerre]], from 640 BC; and the cylindrical ''[[Hera]] of Samos'', {{c.|570}}–560&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Nave 42"/><ref>Hannan,&nbsp;p. 252</ref> After the 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC, focus on the human form increased, exemplified by the ''[[Borghese Gladiator]]''. The Louvre holds masterpieces from the [[Hellenistic]] era, including The ''Winged Victory of Samothrace'' (190&nbsp;BC) and the Venus de Milo, symbolic of classical art.{{R|Mignot|page=155}} The long ''Galerie Campana'' displays an outstanding collection of more than one thousand [[Greek pottery|Greek potteries]]. In the galleries paralleling the Seine, much of the museum's Roman sculpture is displayed.<ref name="GreekER"/> The Roman portraiture is representative of that genre; examples include the portraits of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Marcus Annius Verus (disambiguation)|Annius Verus]]; among the bronzes is the Greek [[Apollo of Piombino]].

<gallery widths="170" heights="170" mode="packed">
Head figurine Spedos Louvre Ma2709.jpg|[[Cycladic art|Cycladic]] head of a woman; 27th century BC; marble; height: 27&nbsp;cm
Crater Actaeon Louvre CA3482.jpg|[[Volute]] [[krater]] that depicts [[Actaeon]]'s death; circa 450–440 BC; ceramic; height: 51&nbsp;cm, diameter: 33.1&nbsp;cm
Victoire de Samothrace - vue de trois-quart gauche, gros plan de la statue (2).JPG|The ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]''; 200–190 BC; [[Parian marble]]; 244&nbsp;cm
Front views of the Venus de Milo.jpg|''[[Venus de Milo]]''; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203&nbsp;cm
Las Incantadas (Louvre) 4.jpg|[[Las Incantadas]], sculptures from a [[portico]] that adorned the [[Roman Forum (Thessaloniki)|Roman Forum]] of [[Thessalonica]], 150-230 AD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010275510|website=collections.louvre.fr|title=L'Incantada|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Islamic art ===
The Islamic art collection, the museum's newest, spans "thirteen centuries and three continents".<ref name="Islam">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211731&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211731&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181076&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Islamic Art |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109153118/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211731&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211731&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181076&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=9 November 2007 }}</ref> These exhibits, of ceramics, glass, metalware, wood, ivory, carpet, textiles, and miniatures, include more than 5,000&nbsp;works and 1,000&nbsp;shards.<ref name="Ahlund">Ahlund, p. 24</ref> Originally part of the decorative arts department, the holdings became separate in 2003. Among the works are the ''[[Pyxis of al-Mughira|Pyxide d'al-Mughira]]'', a 10th&nbsp;century ivory box from [[Andalusia]]; the ''Baptistery of Saint-Louis'', an engraved brass basin from the 13th&nbsp;or&nbsp;14th&nbsp;century [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] period; and the 10th&nbsp;century ''[[Suaire de Saint-Josse|Shroud of Saint-Josse]]'' from Iran.{{R|Mignot|page=119-121}}<ref name="Islam"/> The collection contains three pages of the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', an epic book of poems by [[Ferdowsi]] in Persian, and a Syrian metalwork named the ''Barberini Vase''.<ref name="Ahlund"/> In September 2019, a new and improved Islamic art department was opened by Princess [[Lamia bint Majed Al Saud]]. The new department exhibits 3,000 pieces were collected from Spain to India via the Arabian peninsula dating from the 7th to the 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1552736/saudi-arabia|title=Saudi Arabia's Princess Lamia opens new and improved Islamic art space at Louvre in Paris|date=10 September 2019|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
Spagna, cordoba, pisside col nome di al-mughina, avorio, X sec. 04.JPG|The ''[[Pyxis of al-Mughira]]''; 10th century (maybe 968); ivory; 15 x 8&nbsp;cm
Tile with bismillah Louvre AD28001a.jpg|Iranian tile with bismillah; turn of the 13th-14th century; molded ceramic, luster glaze and [[Glaze (painting technique)|glaze]]
Siria, bacile detto battistero di s.luigi, 1320-40 ca, firmato muhammad ibn al-zayn, con restauri del 1821, ottone incr. d'oro, arge e pasta nera 01.JPG|The ''[[Baptistère de Saint Louis]]''; by Muhammad ibn al-Zayn; 1320–1340; hammering, engraving, inlay in brass, gold, and silver; 50.2 x 22.2&nbsp;cm
Door Louvre AA320 n01.jpg|Door; 15th-16th century; sculpted, painted and gilded walnut wood
</gallery>

=== Sculptures ===
{{See also|List of works in the Louvre}}
[[File:Louvre-CourMarly.jpg|thumb|The Cour Marly of the Louvre, where many French sculptures are exhibited]]
The sculpture department consists of works created before 1850 not belonging in the Etruscan, Greek, and Roman department.<ref name="Sculpture">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211734&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211734&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181113&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Sculptures |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107072625/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211734&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211734&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181113&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=7 November 2007 }}</ref> The Louvre has been a repository of sculpted material since its time as a palace; however, only ancient architecture was displayed until 1824, except for [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[Dying Slave]]'' and ''Rebellious Slave''.{{R|Mignot|page=397-401}} Initially the collection included only 100&nbsp;pieces, the rest of the royal sculpture collection being at Versailles. It remained small until 1847, when Léon Laborde was given control of the department. Laborde developed the medieval section and purchased the first such statues and sculptures in the collection, ''[[Childebert I|King Childebert]]'' and ''stanga door'', respectively.{{R|Mignot|page=397-401}} The collection was part of the Department of Antiquities but was given autonomy in 1871 under [[Louis Courajod]], a director who organized a wider representation of French works.<ref name="Sculpture"/>{{R|Mignot|page=397-401}} In 1986, all post-1850 works were relocated to the new Musée d'Orsay. The Grand Louvre project separated the department into two exhibition spaces; the French collection is displayed in the Richelieu Wing, and foreign works in the Denon Wing.<ref name="Sculpture"/>

The collection's overview of French sculpture contains [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] works such as the 11th-century ''Daniel in the Lions' Den'' and the 12th-century ''Virgin of Auvergne''. In the 16th century, Renaissance influence caused French sculpture to become more restrained, as seen in [[Jean Goujon]]'s bas-reliefs, and [[Germain Pilon]]'s ''Descent from the Cross'' and ''Resurrection of Christ''. The 17th and 18th centuries are represented by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]'s 1640–1 [[Bust of Cardinal Richelieu]], [[Étienne Maurice Falconet]]'s ''Woman Bathing'' and ''Amour menaçant'', and [[François and Michel Anguier|François Anguier]]'s obelisks. [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] works includes [[Antonio Canova]]'s ''[[Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss]]'' (1787).{{R|Mignot|page=397-401}} The 18th and 19th centuries are represented by the French sculptors like [[Alfred Barye]] and [[Émile Guillemin]].

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
Tomb of Philippe Pot, Right Side - Louvre, Room 10.jpg|The ''[[Tomb of Philippe Pot]]''; 1477 and 1483; limestone, paint, gold and lead; height: 181&nbsp;cm, width: 260&nbsp;cm, depth: 167&nbsp;cm
Fame riding Pegasus Coysevox Louvre MR1824.jpg|''The King's Fame Riding Pegasus''; by [[Antoine Coysevox]]; 1701–1702; [[Carrara]] marble; height: 3.15 m, width: 2.91 m, depth: 1.28 m
File:Louvre seine marne mr1801.jpg|Group sculpture; by [[Nicolas Coustou]]; 1701–1712; marble; height: 2.44 m
File:Louis XV Coustou Louvre MR1811.jpg|[[Louis XV]] as [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]; 1731; probably marble; height: 1.95 m, width: 1.20 m, depth: 68&nbsp;cm
</gallery>

=== Decorative arts ===
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=275
| footer =Some of the [[Second Empire style]] rooms of the apartments of [[Napoleon III]]
| image1 = Appartements Napoléon III.jpg
| image2 = Apartamentos de Napoleão (3666688904).jpg
| image3 = Napoleon III Apartments (44883695984).jpg
| image4 = LouvreSalle88a.jpg
}}
The [[Objet d'art|Objets d'art]] collection spans the time from the Middle Ages to the mid-19th&nbsp;century. The department began as a subset of the sculpture department, based on royal property and the transfer of work from the [[Basilique Saint-Denis]], the burial ground of French monarchs that held the ''Coronation Sword of the Kings of France''.<ref name="Nave 130"/>{{R|Mignot|page=451-454}} Among the budding collection's most prized works were [[pietre dure]] vases and bronzes. The Durand collection's 1825 acquisition added "ceramics, enamels, and stained glass", and 800&nbsp;pieces were given by Pierre Révoil. The onset of [[Romanticism]] rekindled interest in [[Renaissance]] and [[Medieval]] artwork, and the Sauvageot donation expanded the department with 1,500&nbsp;middle-age and [[faience|faïence]] works. In 1862, the [[Campana collection]] added gold jewelry and maiolicas, mainly from the 15th&nbsp;and&nbsp;16th&nbsp;centuries.{{R|Mignot|page=451-454}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211732&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211732&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181114&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Decorative Arts |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203074306/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211732&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211732&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181114&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>

The works are displayed on the Richelieu Wing's first floor and in the Apollo Gallery, named by the painter Charles Le Brun, who was commissioned by Louis&nbsp;XIV (the Sun King) to decorate the space in a solar theme. The medieval collection contains the coronation crown of Louis&nbsp;XV, [[Charles V of France|Charles&nbsp;V's]] sceptre, and the 12th&nbsp;century ''porphyry vase''.<ref>Lasko,&nbsp;p.&nbsp;242</ref> The Renaissance art holdings include [[Giambologna]]'s bronze ''Nessus and Deianira'' and the tapestry ''Maximillian's Hunt''.<ref name="Nave 130">Nave,&nbsp;p.&nbsp;130</ref> From later periods, highlights include [[Madame de Pompadour]]'s [[Sèvres]] vase collection and [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon&nbsp;III]]'s apartments.<ref name="Nave 130"/>

In September 2000, the Louvre Museum dedicated the [[Gilbert R. Chagoury|Gilbert Chagoury]] and Rose-Marie Chagoury Gallery to display tapestries donated by the Chagourys, including a 16th-century six-part tapestry suite, sewn with gold and silver threads representing sea divinities, which was commissioned in Paris for [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay|Colbert de Seignelay]], Secretary of State for the Navy.

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
Armoire Louvre OA 6968.jpg|[[Henry II style]] wardrobe; {{c.|1580}}; walnut and oak, partially gilded and painted; height: 2.06 m, width: 1.50 m, depth: 0.60 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/armoire-said-be-hugues-sambin|title=Armoire said to be by Hugues Sambin|author=Barbier Muriel|website=louvre.fr|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510192240/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/armoire-said-be-hugues-sambin|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Musée du Louvre - Département des Objets d'art - Salle 34 -2.JPG|[[Louis XIV style]] cabinet on stand; by [[André Charles Boulle]]; {{c.|1690}}–1710; oak frame, resinous wood and walnut, ebony veneer, tortoiseshell, brass and pewter marquetry, and [[ormolu]]
Commode de la comtesse du Barry (Louvre, OA 11293).jpg|[[Louis XVI style]] commode of [[Madame du Barry]]; 1772; oak frame, veneer of pearwood, rosewood and kingwood, soft-paste [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres porcelain]], gilded bronze, white marble, and glass; height: 0.87 m, width: 1.19 m, depth: 0.48 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/commode-madame-du-barry|title=Commode of Madame du Barry|author=Barbier Muriel|website=louvre.fr|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510181312/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/commode-madame-du-barry|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baromètre - thermomètre (Louvre, OA 10545).jpg|Louis XVI style barometer-thermometer; {{c.|1776}}; soft-paste Sèvres porcelain, enamel, and ormolu; height: 1 m, width: 0.27 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/barometer-thermometer?sous_dept=1|title=Barometer-thermometer|author=Catherine Voiriot|website=louvre.fr|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510175213/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/barometer-thermometer?sous_dept=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Painting ===
{{further|Catalog of paintings in the Louvre Museum}}
[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]''; by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa}} 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until {{Circa}} 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77&nbsp;cm × 53&nbsp;cm]]
The painting collection has more than 7,500&nbsp;works{{R|Rosenberg|page=229}} from the 13th&nbsp;century to 1848 and is managed by 12&nbsp;curators who oversee the collection's display. Nearly two-thirds are by French artists, and more than 1,200&nbsp;are Northern European. The Italian paintings compose most of the remnants of Francis&nbsp;I and Louis&nbsp;XIV's collections, others are unreturned artwork from the Napoleon era, and some were bought.<ref>Hannan,&nbsp;p.&nbsp;262</ref>{{R|Mignot|page=199-201, 272–273, 333–335}} The collection began with Francis, who acquired works from Italian masters such as [[Raphael]] and [[Michelangelo]]<ref>According to [[Giorgio Vasari]], Michelangelo's [[Leda and the Swan]], (now lost) was acquired by Francis I.</ref> and brought Leonardo da Vinci to his court.<ref name="Mona">{{Cite news |last=Chaundy, Bob |date=29 September 2006 |title=Faces of the Week |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm |access-date=5 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paintings">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211733&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211733&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181115&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Paintings |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323072005/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211733&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211733&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181115&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=23 March 2008 }}</ref> After the [[French Revolution]], the Royal Collection formed the nucleus of the Louvre. When the ''d'Orsay'' train station was converted into the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in 1986, the collection was split, and pieces completed after the [[1848 Revolution]] were moved to the new museum. French and Northern European works are in the Richelieu Wing and ''Cour Carrée''; Spanish and Italian paintings are on the first floor of the Denon Wing.{{R|Mignot|page=199}}

Exemplifying the French School are the early ''[[Pietà of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon|Avignon Pietà]]'' of [[Enguerrand Quarton]]; the anonymous painting of ''King Jean le Bon'' ({{Circa}} 1360), possibly the oldest independent portrait in Western painting to survive from the postclassical era;{{R|Mignot|page=201}} [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]]'s ''Louis XIV''; [[Jacques-Louis David]]'s ''[[The Coronation of Napoleon]]''; [[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]''; and [[Eugène Delacroix]]'s ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]''. Nicolas Poussin, the Le Nain brothers, Philippe de Champaigne, Le Brun, La Tour, Watteau, Fragonard, Ingres, Corot, and Delacroix are well represented.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/museums/louvre-french-artists.htm |title=French artists in Louvre Museum | year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

Northern European works include [[Johannes Vermeer]]'s ''[[The Lacemaker (Vermeer)|The Lacemaker]]'' and ''[[The Astronomer (Vermeer)|The Astronomer]]''; [[Caspar David Friedrich]]'s ''[[The Tree of Crows]]''; [[Rembrandt]]'s ''The Supper at Emmaus'', ''[[Bathsheba at Her Bath]]'', and ''The Slaughtered Ox''.

The Italian holdings are notable, particularly the Renaissance collection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At the Heart of the Renaissance Palace |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/explore/the-palace/at-the-heart-of-the-renaissance-palace |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Le Louvre |language=en}}</ref> The works include [[Andrea Mantegna]] and [[Giovanni Bellini]]'s ''Calvary''s, which reflect realism and detail "meant to depict the significant events of a greater spiritual world".<ref>Hannan,&nbsp;p. 267</ref> The High Renaissance collection includes [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', ''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo da Vinci)|Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]'', ''[[St. John the Baptist (Leonardo)|St. John the Baptist]]'', and ''[[Madonna of the Rocks]]''. The Baroque collection includes [[Giambattista Pittoni]]'s ''[[The Continence of Scipio]]'', ''[[Susanna and the Elders]]'', ''[[Bacchus and Ariadne]]'', ''[[Mars and Venus (Pittoni)|Mars and Venus]]'', and others [[Caravaggio]] is represented by ''[[The Fortune Teller (Caravaggio)|The Fortune Teller]]'' and ''[[Death of the Virgin (Caravaggio)|Death of the Virgin]]''. From 16th&nbsp;century Venice, the Louvre displays [[Titian]]'s ''Le Concert Champetre'', ''The Entombment,'' and ''The Crowning with Thorns''.{{R|Mignot|page=378}}<ref>Hannan,&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;270–78</ref>

The La Caze Collection, a bequest to the Musée du Louvre in 1869 by [[Louis La Caze]], was the largest contribution of a person in the history of the Louvre. La Caze gave 584 paintings of his personal collection to the museum. The bequest included [[Antoine Watteau]]'s Commedia dell'arte player of Pierrot ("Gilles"). In 2007, this bequest was the topic of the exhibition "1869: Watteau, Chardin... entrent au Louvre. La collection La Caze".<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/exposition/detail_exposition.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673469921&CURRENT_LLV_EXPO%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673469921&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500927&bmLocale=en www.louvre.fr] – Musée du Louvre – Exhibitions – Past Exhibitions – The La Caze Collection. Retrieved 23 May 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917085817/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/exposition/detail_exposition.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673469921&CURRENT_LLV_EXPO%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673469921&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500927&bmLocale=en |date=17 September 2011 }}</ref>

Some of the best known paintings of the museum have been digitized by the French Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologies.c2rmf.fr/imaging/showcase|title=Galerie de tableaux en très haute définition|work=c2rmf.fr|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021546/http://technologies.c2rmf.fr/imaging/showcase|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
Quentin Massys 001.jpg|''[[The Money Changer and His Wife]]''; by [[Quentin Massys]]; 1514; oil on panel; 70.5 × 67&nbsp;cm
Giuseppe Arcimboldo - Spring, 1573.jpg|''Spring''; by [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]]; 1573; oil on canvas; 76 × 64&nbsp;cm
Suzanne et les vieillards - Giovanni Battista Pittoni - Q18573893.jpg|''[[Susanna and the Elders]]''; by [[Giambattista Pittoni]]; 1720; oil on panel; 37 × 46&nbsp;cm
La Continence de Scipion - Giovanni Battista Pittoni - Q18573892.jpg|''[[The Continence of Scipio]]''; by [[Giambattista Pittoni]]; 1733; oil on panel; 96 × 56&nbsp;cm
François boucher, diana che esce dal bagno, 1742, 01.jpg|''[[Diana Bathing (Boucher)|Diana after the Bath]]''; by [[François Boucher]]; 1742; oil on canvas; 73 × 56&nbsp;cm
Jacques-Louis David, Le Serment des Horaces.jpg|''[[Oath of the Horatii]]''; by [[Jacques-Louis David]]; 1784; oil on canvas; height: 330&nbsp;cm, width: 425&nbsp;cm
Jacques-Louis David 006.jpg|''[[The Coronation of Napoleon]]'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]]
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Paintings by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] purchased by François I">
Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre).jpg|{{center|''[[Virgin of the Rocks]]''}}
Leonardo da Vinci - Virgin and Child with St Anne C2RMF retouched.jpg|{{center|''[[The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)]]''}}
</gallery>

=== Prints and drawings ===
The [[Old master print|prints]] and drawings department encompasses works on paper.{{R|Mignot|page=496}} The origins of the collection were the 8,600&nbsp;works in the Royal Collection (''Cabinet du Roi''), which were increased via state appropriation, purchases such as the 1,200&nbsp;works from Fillipo Baldinucci's collection in 1806, and donations.{{R|Mignot|page=92}}<ref name="Drawing">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211728&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211728&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181116&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |title=Prints and Drawings |publisher=Musée du Louvre |access-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220114305/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/presentation_departement.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211728&CURRENT_LLV_FICHE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673211728&CURRENT_LLV_DEP%3C%3Efolder_id=1408474395181116&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500768&bmLocale=en |archive-date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> The department opened on 5 August 1797, with 415&nbsp;pieces displayed in the Galerie d'Apollon. The collection is organized into three sections: the core ''Cabinet du Roi'', 14,000&nbsp;royal copper printing-plates, and the donations of [[Edmond James de Rothschild|Edmond de Rothschild]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmond de Rothschild Collection at the Louvre |url=https://www.edmondderothschildfoundations.org/legacy-institutions/edmond-de-rothschild-louvre |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=www.edmondderothschildfoundations.org}}</ref> which include 40,000&nbsp;prints, 3,000&nbsp;drawings, and 5,000&nbsp;illustrated books. The holdings are displayed in the Pavillon de Flore; due to the fragility of the paper medium, only a portion are displayed at one time.{{R|Mignot|page=496}}
{{Clear}}

<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
Trois têtes d'hommes en relation avec le lion.jpg|Three lion-like heads; by [[Charles Le Brun]]; {{c.|1671}}; black chalk, pen and ink, brush and gray wash, white gouache on paper; 21.7 × 32.7&nbsp;cm
Antoine Coypel - Bacchus.jpg|''[[Bacchus]]''; by [[Antoine Coypel]]; black chalk, white highlights, and [[sanguine]]; 42.7 × 37.7&nbsp;cm
WATTEAU Antoine - Huit études de têtes de femme, et une tête d'homme.jpg|''Studies of Women's Heads and a Man's Head''; by [[Antoine Watteau]]; first half of the 18th century; sanguine, black chalk and white chalk on gray paper; 28 × 38.1&nbsp;cm
Edgar Degas - Ballet (L'Étoile).jpg|''Danseuse sur la scène''; by [[Edgar Degas]]; [[pastel]]; 58 × 42&nbsp;cm
Matthias Grünewald - Smiling Woman - WGA10822.jpg|Portrait of elderly woman, by [[Matthias Grünewald]]
Hans Holbein d. J. - Head of a Woman - WGA11590.jpg|Portrait of a young woman, by [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Hans Holbein]]
Andrea del Sarto - Head of a Young Man - WGA0384.jpg|Head of a man, by [[Andrea del Sarto]]
Biagio Pupini - Vierge à l'Enfant.jpg|Virgin and Child, by [[Biagio Pupini]]
</gallery>