Editing Livermorium (section)

=== Physical and atomic ===
In the [[periodic table]], livermorium is a member of group 16, the chalcogens. It appears below [[oxygen]], [[sulfur]], [[selenium]], [[tellurium]], and polonium. Every previous chalcogen has six electrons in its valence shell, forming a [[valence electron]] configuration of ns<sup>2</sup>np<sup>4</sup>. In livermorium's case, the trend should be continued and the valence electron configuration is predicted to be 7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>4</sup>;<ref name="Haire" /> therefore, livermorium will have some similarities to its lighter [[congener (chemistry)|congeners]]. Differences are likely to arise; a large contributing effect is the [[spin–orbit interaction|spin–orbit (SO) interaction]]—the mutual interaction between the electrons' motion and [[Spin (physics)|spin]]. It is especially strong for the superheavy elements, because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities comparable to the [[speed of light]].<ref name="Thayer">{{cite book |last1=Thayer |first1=John S. |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |chapter=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |volume=10 |date=2010 |page=83 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2|isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8 |series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics }}</ref> In relation to livermorium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels (stabilizing the corresponding electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilized more than the other four.<ref name="Faegri">{{cite journal|last1=Faegri |first1=K.|last2=Saue |first2=T.|date=2001|title=Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Physics]]|volume=115 |issue=6 |page=2456|bibcode=2001JChPh.115.2456F|doi=10.1063/1.1385366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the [[inert pair effect]], and the effect "tearing" the 7p subshell into the more stabilized and the less stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computation chemists see the split as a change of the second ([[azimuthal quantum number|azimuthal]]) [[quantum number]] ''l'' from 1 to {{frac|1|2}} and {{frac|3|2}} for the more stabilized and less stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively: the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> subshell acts as a second inert pair, though not as inert as the 7s electrons, while the 7p<sub>3/2</sub> subshell can easily participate in chemistry.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Thayer" />{{efn|The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc. See [[azimuthal quantum number]] for more information.}} For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s{{su|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=1/2|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=3/2|p=2|w=70%}}.<ref name="Haire" />

Inert pair effects in livermorium should be even stronger than in polonium and hence the +2 [[oxidation state]] becomes more stable than the +4 state, which would be stabilized only by the most [[electronegative]] [[ligand]]s; this is reflected in the expected [[ionization energy|ionization energies]] of livermorium, where there are large gaps between the second and third ionization energies (corresponding to the breaching of the unreactive 7p<sub>1/2</sub> shell) and fourth and fifth ionization energies.{{Fricke1975|name}} Indeed, the 7s electrons are expected to be so inert that the +6 state will not be attainable.<ref name="Haire" /> The [[melting point|melting]] and [[boiling point]]s of livermorium are expected to continue the trends down the chalcogens; thus livermorium should melt at a higher temperature than polonium, but boil at a lower temperature.<ref name="B&K" /> It should also be [[density|denser]] than polonium (α-Lv: 12.9&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>; α-Po: 9.2&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>); like polonium it should also form an α and a β allotrope.{{Fricke1975|name}}<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://cyclotron.tamu.edu/she2015/assets/pdfs/presentations/Eichler_SHE_2015_TAMU.pdf |title=Gas phase chemistry with SHE – Experiments |last=Eichler |first=Robert |date=2015 |website=cyclotron.tamu.edu |publisher=Texas A & M University |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> The electron of a [[hydrogen-like atom|hydrogen-like]] livermorium atom (oxidized so that it only has one electron, Lv<sup>115+</sup>) is expected to move so fast that it has a mass 1.86 times that of a stationary electron, due to [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]]. For comparison, the figures for hydrogen-like polonium and tellurium are expected to be 1.26 and 1.080 respectively.<ref name="Thayer" />