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=== Oil spills === Little penguin populations were significantly affected by a major oil spill with the [[Rena oil spill|grounding of the ''Rena'']] off New Zealand in 2011, which killed 2,000 seabirds (including little penguins) directly, and killed an estimated 20,000 in total based on wider ecosystem impacts.<ref name="Backhouse">{{cite news |last=Backhouse |first=Matthew |date=28 December 2011 |title=Penguin reigns in battle for nation's hearts |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10775569 |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2011 |title=Rena: Oil clean-up chemical worries Greenpeace |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/rena-oil-spill/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503203&objectid=10768517 |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Oil spills are the most common cause of the little penguins being admitted to the rehabilitation facilities at Phillip Island Nature Park (PINP). These oil spill recurrences have endangered not just the little penguins, but the entire penguin population. This can further decline the population, which can lead to possible extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldsworthy |first1=S. D. |last2=Giese |first2=M. |last3=Gales |first3=R. P. |last4=Brothers |first4=N. |last5=Hamill |first5=J. |date=2000 |title=Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). II. Post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled birds |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr99076 |journal=Wildlife Research |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=573β582 |doi=10.1071/wr99076 |issn=1448-5494}}</ref>
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