Editing Lisbon (section)

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Lisbon}}
Lisbon has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> characterized by cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|17.4|°C|°F}}, with average daily highs of {{cvt|21.3|°C|°F}} and lows of {{cvt|13.5|°C|°F}}.

In the coldest month, January, daytime highs typically range from {{cvt|14|to|19|C|F}}, while nighttime lows range from {{cvt|5|to|10|C|F}}, with an average sea temperature of {{cvt|16|°C|°F}}.<ref name="seatemperature">[https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-january.htm Lisbon average sea temperature] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022805/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-january.htm |date=7 March 2018 }} – seatemperature.org.</ref> In the warmest month, August, daytime highs typically range from {{cvt|25|to|32|C|F}}, nighttime lows range from {{cvt|14|to|20|C|F}}, and the average sea temperature is around {{cvt|20|°C|°F}}.<ref name="seatemperature" />

The climate of Lisbon is moderate, largely due to its location in southwestern Europe, its proximity to the [[Azores High]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=M. J. |last2=Rashid |first2=Shahnaz Feroz |title=A re-interpretation of impact of the Icelandic Low and Azores High on winter precipitation over Iberian Peninsula |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |date=22 February 2016 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=102 |doi=10.1007/s12517-015-2086-y |bibcode=2016ArJG....9..102I |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-015-2086-y |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en |issn=1866-7538}}</ref> and the Atlantic Ocean. The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was {{cvt|44.0|°C|°F}} on 4 August 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html |title=Sábado foi o dia mais quente de sempre em Lisboa e noutros 24 locais |trans-title=G. Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure Lisbon's highest temperature record |date=5 August 2018 |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520055703/https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-1.2|°C|0}} in February 1956; although other locations in its  [[Lisbon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] have recorded lower temperatures, not being as affected by the [[urban heat island effect]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vilão |first1=Daniel |last2=Ramos |first2=Isabel Loupa |title=Lisbon Urban Climate: Statistical Analysis/Approach for Urban Heat Island Effect Based on a Pioneering Urban Meteorological Network |journal=Atmosphere |date=October 2024 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1177 |doi=10.3390/atmos15101177 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2073-4433}}</ref> of the city centre, with [[Sintra]] and [[Setúbal]] having reached {{cvt|-4|°C|0}} and {{cvt|-5.1|°C|0}} respectively, both experiencing about 13 days of frost per year on average.<ref>[https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_SINTRA_BASE_AEREA.pdf Sintra Base area] ipma.pt</ref><ref>[https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_SETUBAL.pdf Setubal] ipma.pt</ref> 

Lisbon receives around {{cvt|760|mm|in}} of precipitation annually, with the majority falling during the autumn and winter months. November and December are the wettest months, contributing to a third of the total annual rainfall. The dry season typically lasts from early June to mid-September, with July and August being the driest months. During this period, there are typically around 8 days with measurable precipitation.<ref name="IPMA" />

The city has around 2,875 hours of sunshine per year, one of the highest amounts in Europe. August is the sunniest month, with sunshine occurring for approximately 80% of the daytime, while December is the dullest, with sunshine occurring only 51% of the time.<ref name="dwd"/>

Temperatures across Lisbon's metropolitan area can vary significantly, especially during the summer months. In areas with greater exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, such as [[Sintra]] or [[Cascais]] to the west of the city, temperatures tend to be more moderate and are generally cooler. In extreme cases, summer daytime highs can differ by as much as 20°C (36°F) between the city of Lisbon and [[Cabo da Roca]].

{{Weather box
| location = Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico D. Luís) (1981-2010 normals, 1971-2018 extremes)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 22.6
| Feb record high C = 24.8
| Mar record high C = 29.4
| Apr record high C = 32.4
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 41.5
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 44.0
| Sep record high C = 41.4
| Oct record high C = 32.6
| Nov record high C = 25.3
| Dec record high C = 23.2
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 14.8
| Feb high C = 16.2
| Mar high C = 18.8
| Apr high C = 19.8
| May high C = 22.1
| Jun high C = 25.7
| Jul high C = 27.9
| Aug high C = 28.3
| Sep high C = 26.6
| Oct high C = 22.5
| Nov high C = 18.2
| Dec high C = 15.2
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 11.5
| Feb mean C = 12.6
| Mar mean C = 14.9
| Apr mean C = 15.9
| May mean C = 18.0
| Jun mean C = 21.2
| Jul mean C = 23.1
| Aug mean C = 23.5
| Sep mean C = 22.1
| Oct mean C = 18.8
| Nov mean C = 15.0
| Dec mean C = 12.3
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 8.2
| Feb low C = 9.1
| Mar low C = 11.0
| Apr low C = 11.9
| May low C = 13.9
| Jun low C = 16.7
| Jul low C = 18.2
| Aug low C = 18.6
| Sep low C = 17.6
| Oct low C = 15.1
| Nov low C = 11.8
| Dec low C = 9.4
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = 0.4
| Feb record low C = 1.2
| Mar record low C = 0.2
| Apr record low C = 5.5
| May record low C = 6.8
| Jun record low C = 10.3
| Jul record low C = 13.1
| Aug record low C = 13.8
| Sep record low C = 10.7
| Oct record low C = 8.0
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 2.1
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 99.2
| Feb rain mm = 84.3
| Mar rain mm = 52.1
| Apr rain mm = 68.0
| May rain mm = 52.6
| Jun rain mm = 15.6
| Jul rain mm = 3.9
| Aug rain mm = 6.1
| Sep rain mm = 32.6
| Oct rain mm = 97.7
| Nov rain mm = 127.5
| Dec rain mm = 126.2
| year rain mm =
| unit rain days = 1 mm
| Jan rain days = 9.6
| Feb rain days = 8.4
| Mar rain days = 6.2
| Apr rain days = 7.9
| May rain days = 6.0
| Jun rain days = 2.3
| Jul rain days = 0.6
| Aug rain days = 1.2
| Sep rain days = 3.8
| Oct rain days = 8.6
| Nov rain days = 9.8
| Dec rain days = 11.1
| year rain days =
|Jan sun = 158.6
|Feb sun = 174.7
|Mar sun = 216.0
|Apr sun = 248.0
|May sun = 296.8
|Jun sun = 322.2
|Jul sun = 349.7
|Aug sun = 339.9
|Sep sun = 259.8
|Oct sun = 196.4
|Nov sun = 163.1
|Dec sun = 149.7
|year sun = 
| source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera]],<ref name="IPMA">{{cite web |title=Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico 1981-2010 |url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_81-10_LISBOA_GEOFISICO.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico 1971-2000|url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_LISBOA_GEOFISICO.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> [[German Meteorological Service]] (sunshine hours 1990-2019)<ref name="dwd">{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/08535_198607_201812.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/recent/08535.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref>
}}