Editing Land use (section)

== Regulation ==
Commonly, political [[jurisdiction]]s will undertake [[land-use planning]] and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid [[land-use conflict]]s. Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations, such as [[zoning regulations]].

The [[urban growth boundary]] is one form of land-use regulation. For example, [[Portland, Oregon]] is required to have an urban growth boundary which contains at least {{convert|20000|acre|km2}} of vacant land. Additionally, Oregon restricts the development of farmland. The regulations are controversial, but an economic analysis concluded that farmland appreciated similarly to the other land.<ref>Jaeker WG, Plantinga AJ (2007). [http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/SR/SR1077-E.pdf How have Land-use regulations Affected Property Values in Oregon?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722070244/http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/sr/sr1077-e.pdf|date=2012-07-22}} OSU Extension.</ref>

=== United States ===
{{See also|Zoning#United States}}
[[Image:Indiana Dunes Habitat Fragmentation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Habitat fragmentation]] caused by numerous roads near the [[Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]]]]

In colonial America, few regulations were originally put into place regarding the usage of land. As society shifted from rural to urban, public land regulation became important, especially to city governments trying to control industry, commerce, and housing within their boundaries. The first zoning ordinance was passed in [[New York City]] in 1916,<ref>[[Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nolon |first=John R. |date=July–August 1992 |title=Local Land Use Control in New York: An Aging Citadel Under Siege |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1505003 |journal=[[New York State Bar Journal]] |page=38}}</ref> and, by the 1930s, most states had adopted [[zoning]] laws. In the 1970s, concerns about the environment and historic preservation led to further regulation.

Today, federal, state, and local governments regulate growth and [[land development|development]] through [[statutory law]]. The majority of controls on land, however, stem from the actions of private developers and individuals. Judicial decisions and enforcement of private land-use arrangements can reinforce public regulation, and achieve forms and levels of control that regulatory zoning cannot. There is growing concern that land use regulation is a direct cause of housing segregation in the United States today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trounstine |first1=Jessica |date=May 2020 |title=The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kn0x0ns |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=114 |issue=2 |page=443 |doi=10.1017/S0003055419000844 |s2cid=213239635 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Two major federal laws passed in the 1960s limit the use of land significantly. These are the [[National Historic Preservation Act of 1966]] (today embodied in 16 U.S.C. 461 et seq.) and the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).