Editing Krakatoa (section)

== 1883 eruption ==
{{Main|1883 eruption of Krakatoa}}
[[File:Krakatoa map.svg|thumb|right|Two-thirds of the original Krakatoa Island was obliterated by the 1883 eruption.]]

While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions began on 20 May 1883. The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash lasting until late August.{{sfn|Winchester|2003|pp=154–166}}

On 27 August, a series of four huge explosions almost destroyed the island. The explosions were so violent that they were heard {{convert|3110|km|abbr=on}} away in [[Perth]], Western Australia, and the island of [[Rodrigues]] near [[Mauritius]], {{convert|4800|km|abbr=on}} away.<ref name="The Independent, May 3, 2006" /> The pressure wave from the third and most violent explosion was recorded on [[barograph]]s around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=monique-morgan-the-eruption-of-krakatoa-also-known-as-krakatau-in-1883|title=The Eruption of Krakatoa (also known as Krakatau) in 1883|author=Monique R. Morgan|publisher=BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History|date=January 2013|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207014949/http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=monique-morgan-the-eruption-of-krakatoa-also-known-as-krakatau-in-1883|url-status=live}}</ref> Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its [[antipodal point]], and three times travelling back to the volcano;<ref name="Symons88" />{{rp|63}} the wave rounded the globe three and a half times. Ash was propelled to a height of {{cvt|80|km|ft}}. It was reported that the sound of the eruption was so loud that anyone within {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip}} would have gone deaf.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

The combined effects of [[pyroclastic flow]]s, volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region and worldwide. The death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate at more than 120,000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up to a year after the eruption. Summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere fell by an average of {{cvt|0.4|C-change|||}} in the year following the eruption.<ref name="Explosive">{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Raymond S.|date=June 1988|title=The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records|url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/bradley/bradley1988.pdf|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=221–243|bibcode=1988ClCh...12..221B|doi=10.1007/bf00139431|s2cid=153757349|issn=0165-0009|via=Springer|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103113755/http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/bradley/bradley1988.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>