Editing Kraków (section)

=== Environment ===
There are five [[Protected areas of Poland|nature reserves]] in Kraków with a total area of {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="gdos">[http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 Dane przestrzenne z Centralnego Rejestru Form Ochrony Przyrody.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206123815/http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 |date=6 February 2013 }} ''Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska'', Poland. Retrieved {{nowrap|4 October 2012.}}</ref> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the [[Kraków-Częstochowa Upland]] Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the [[Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park]] (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), [[Tenczynek Landscape Park]] (Park Tencziński) and [[Kraków Valleys Landscape Park]] (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds.<ref name="ZZM"/> The natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the [[CORINE]] biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite book |last=Parkes |first=Matthew |date=2004 |title=Natural and Cultural Landscapes The Geological Foundation. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |location=Dublin |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |pages=53–56, 177 |isbn=978-1-904890-00-3 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172415/https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of [[thermophilous]] vegetation, grasslands and [[Shrubland|shrubs]].<ref name="Parkes"/><ref name="MAK">{{cite book |publisher=Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie |date=1971 |title=Materiały Archeologiczne [Archaeological Materials], Volumes 12–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |location=Kraków |page=42 |oclc=68755780 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the [[Vistula]] River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary [[Wilga (Krakow)|Wilga]], and left: [[Rudawa (river)|Rudawa]], Białucha, [[Dłubnia]] and Sanka.<ref name="Burek">{{cite book |last=Burek |first=Ryszard |date=2000 |title=Encyklopedia Krakowa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Wydawn. Naukowe PWN |page=1058 |isbn=978-83-01-13325-2 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |url-status=live }}</ref> The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.<ref name="Burek"/>

Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of [[smog]], caused by burning [[coal]] for heating, especially in winter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Smothered by Smog, Polish Cities Rank Among Europe's Dirtiest (Published 2018)|first1=Maciek|last1=Nabrdalik|first2=Marc|last2=Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>