Editing Korea (section)

===Japanese annexation and occupation of Korea===
{{Main|Korea under Japanese rule}}
{{See also|Japanese war crimes}}
[[File:March 1st movement.jpg|thumb|The memorial tablet for the [[March First Movement]] in Pagoda Park, Seoul]]
In 1910, an already militarily occupied Korea was a forced party to the [[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty]]. The treaty was signed by [[Lee Wan-Yong]], who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor. However, the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae-jin.<ref>{{Citation | script-title=ko:서울대이태진교수의동경대생들에게들려준한국사 : 메이지일본의한국침략사 | last = Yi | first = Tae-jin | year = 2005 | publisher = 태학사 | isbn = 978-89-7626-999-7}}</ref> There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal due to its signing under duress, threat of force and bribes.

Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern|editor-last=Stearns|editor-first=Peter N.|url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/2488.html |edition=6th |year=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |at=VI(H)(4) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304202716/http://www.bartleby.com/67/2488.html |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Korea |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2009 |page=2 |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557519_2/Korea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519033254/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557519_2/Korea.html |archive-date= 19 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Kosuke |title=History Overshadows Japan-South Korea Rapprochement |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |date=March 28, 2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |url=https://apjjf.org/-Kosuke-Takahashi/2067/article.html |id= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404192039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/GC10Dh01.html |archive-date=4 April 2005 |access-date=3 November 2009 }} NOTE: First published 10 March 2005 under the title "Roh reopens Japan's war wounds" in, and Copyright 2005,  [https://asiatimes.com/2005/05/we-are-a-banana-republic/ ''Asia Times Online''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223124608/https://asiatimes.com/2005/05/we-are-a-banana-republic/ |date=23 February 2023 }} Ltd. This is a slightly abbreviated version of the article, posted at Japan Focus 16 March 2005. Archived copy is of full article text from ''Asia Times''.</ref> was manifested in the nonviolent [[March First Movement]] of 1919, during which 7,000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march%20first%20movement&ct= |title= March 1st Movement |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica. |date= 1 March 1919 |access-date= 3 November 2009 |archive-date= 11 December 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211125737/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Korean independence movement|Korean liberation movement]] also spread to neighbouring [[Manchuria]] and [[Siberia]].

Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |title=Statistics of Japanese Genocide And Mass Murder |publisher=Hawaii |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref> and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military.<ref>{{Citation | last = 山脇 Yamawaki | first = 啓造 Keizo | title = 近代日本と外国人労働者―1890年代後半と1920年代前半における中国人・朝鮮人労働者問題 |trans-title=Modern Japan and Foreign Laborers: Chinese and Korean Labourers in the late 1890s and early 1920s | publisher = 明石書店 Akashi-shoten | year = 1994 | others = et al. | isbn = 978-4-7503-0568-4}}</ref> Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died.<ref>{{cite book| last = Gruhl| first = Werner| title = Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zNN6M97vYMEC&pg=PA111| year = 2007| publisher = Transaction Publishers| isbn = 978-1-4128-0926-9| oclc = 1099050288| page = 111| access-date = 21 September 2020| archive-date = 26 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050942/https://books.google.com/books?id=zNN6M97vYMEC&pg=PA111| url-status = live}}</ref> Approximately 200,000 girls and women,<ref>{{Citation | first = Yoshimi | last = Yoshiaki | title = Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II | others = O'Brien, Suzanne transl | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-231-12032-6 | orig-year = 岩波書店, 1995 | url = https://archive.org/details/comfortwomen00yosh }}</ref> mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women.02/ |title=Japanese comfort women ruling overturned |date=29 March 2001 |work=CNN|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216122655/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women.02/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> In 1993, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary [[Yohei Kono]] acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named "[[comfort women]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.comfort-women.org/ | title = Comfort Women | access-date = 3 November 2009 | archive-date = 3 November 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091103220622/http://www.comfort-women.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Yohei |last=Kono |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/women/fund/state9308.html |title=Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary on the result of the study on the issue of 'comfort women' |publisher=MOFA |date=4 August 1993 |access-date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709022903/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/women/fund/state9308.html |archive-date= 9 July 2014 }}</ref>

During the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as [[Sōshi-kaimei]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96a.html |title = Koreans in Japan: Past and Present |publisher = HAN |access-date = 3 November 2009 |archive-date = 6 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190606063047/http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96a.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Traditional [[Korean culture]] suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/66 |title=Gyeongbok Palace |work=Seoul City |location=South Korea |publisher=Life in Korea |access-date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926031534/http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/66 |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref> or taken to Japan.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/48765/output/print |title=Korea: A tussle over treasures&nbsp;— Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan? |magazine= [[Newsweek]] |access-date= 6 June 2008 | first1 = Kay | last1 = Itoi | first2 =BJ | last2 = Lee |date=17 October 2007}}</ref> To this day, valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections.<ref>{{Citation|newspaper=Newsweek |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6919593/site/newsweek/ |title=Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925094845/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6919593/site/newsweek/ |archive-date=25 September 2010 }}</ref> One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artefacts actually remain in Japan.<ref name="Newsweek" /><ref name="naver">{{Citation | url = http://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=001&article_id=0001429084 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723101422/http://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=001&article_id=0001429084 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 July 2013 | title = News | publisher=[[Naver]] }}</ref> Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties, but to date<ref name="Newsweek" /> this has not occurred.<ref name="naver" /> Both Koreas and Japan still dispute the ownership of the [[Liancourt Rocks|Dokdo]] islets, located east of the Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.vop.co.kr/A00000206601.html | title= 日독도 영유권 교육강화 방침, 2005년에 이미 발표 :: 한국의 대표 진보언론 민중의소리 | date= 19 May 2008 | publisher= Vop | location= KR | access-date= 3 November 2009 | archive-date= 15 May 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110515013115/http://www.vop.co.kr/A00000206601.html | url-status= live }}</ref>

There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the [[Empire of Japan]] during the Japanese occupation period, including [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/BIB95/00korea_cohen.htm |title=Japanese Periodicals in Colonial Korea |publisher=Columbia |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221234952/http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/BIB95/00korea_cohen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/CMTS/MonoPaper3-13.html |title=The Life Instability of Intermarried Japanese Women in Korea |publisher=USC |access-date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013000846/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/CMTS/MonoPaper3-13.html |archive-date=13 October 1999 }}</ref> After World War II, most of these [[overseas Japanese]] repatriated to Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Yi-Jin |date=2020 |title=Re-nationalizing Repatriated Japanese into Post-War Japan: From Imperial Subjects to Post-War Citizens |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/756096 |journal=Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=113–138 |via=Project MUSE |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703185515/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/756096 |url-status=live }}</ref> Migrants who remained [[Squatting in South Korea|squatted]] in [[informal settlements]].<ref name="Squatting">{{cite journal |last1=Ha |first1=Seong-Kyu |title=Housing poverty and the role of urban governance in Korea |journal=Environment and Urbanization |date=April 2004 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.1177/095624780401600112 |bibcode=2004EnUrb..16..139H |language=en |issn=0956-2478|doi-access=free }}</ref>