Editing Klemens von Metternich (section)

===Congress of Vienna===
{{Further|Congress of Vienna}}
[[File:Vienna Congress.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Metternich alongside 
[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]], [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] and other European diplomats at the [[Congress of Vienna]], 1815]]
[[File:Europe 1815 map en.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna]]

In the autumn of 1814, the heads of the five reigning dynasties and representatives from 216 noble families began gathering in Vienna. Before ministers from the "Big Four" (the Coalition allies of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia) arrived, Metternich stayed quietly in [[Baden bei Wien]], two hours to the south. When he heard they had reached Vienna he journeyed to meet them and encouraged them to go with him back to Baden. They declined, and four meetings were held in the city itself.<ref name="palmer130"/> In these, the representatives agreed on how the Congress would operate and, to Metternich's delight, named his own aide [[Friedrich von Gentz]] secretary to the negotiations of the "Big Six" (the Big Four plus France and Spain). When [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] and Spanish representative [[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador|Don Pedro Labrador]] learned of these decisions, they were incensed that agreements were negotiated by the Big Four only. [[Sweden]] and [[Portugal]] were similarly angered by their exclusion from all but the full Congress, especially since Metternich was determined to give the latter grouping as little power as possible. As a result, the Big Six became the Preliminary Committee of the Eight, whose first decision was that the congress itself be postponed to 1 November.<ref name="palmer130">{{harvnb|Palmer|1972|pp=130–133}}</ref> In fact, it would soon be postponed again, with only a minor commission beginning work in November.<ref name="palmer133"/> In the meantime, Metternich organised a controversially vast array of entertainments for the delegates including himself.<ref name="palmer130"/>

Leaving [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Castlereagh]] to negotiate on Tsar Alexander's behalf, Metternich briefly turned his attention to quelling anti-Habsburg feeling in Italy. Around the same time, he learnt that the Duchess of Sagan was courting the Tsar. Disappointed, and exhausted by social rounds, Metternich let his guard drop, angering Tsar Alexander during negotiations over Poland (then ruled by Napoleon as the [[Grand Duchy of Warsaw]]) by implying Austria could match Russia militarily. Despite the blunder, Francis refused to dismiss his foreign minister, and political crisis rocked Vienna throughout November, culminating in a declaration by Tsar Alexander that Russia would not compromise in its claim on Poland as a satellite kingdom. The Coalition rejected this utterly, and the agreement seemed further off than ever.<ref name="palmer133"/> During the stand-off, it seems that Alexander even went as far as to challenge Metternich to a duel.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamilton-Williams|1996|p=47}}</ref> However, Tsar Alexander soon did a rapid ''volte face'' and agreed to the division of Poland. He also softened in regard to the Germanic [[Kingdom of Saxony]], and for the first time allowed Talleyrand to participate in all Big Four (now Big Five) discussions.<ref name="palmer133">{{harvnb|Palmer|1972|pp=133–139}}</ref>

With the new consensus, the major issues concerning Poland and Germany were settled in the second week of February 1815.<ref name="palmer139"/> Austria gained land in the partition of Poland and prevented the Prussian annexation of Saxony, but was forced to accept Russian dominance in Poland and increasing Prussian influence in Germany.<ref name="okey73">{{harvnb|Okey|2001|pp=73–74}}</ref> Metternich now focused on getting the various German states to cede historic rights to a new [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|Federal Diet]] that could stand up to Prussia. He also assisted the Swiss Committee and worked on myriad smaller issues, like navigation rights on the [[Rhine]]. The beginning of [[Lent]] on 8 February brought him more time to devote to these congressional issues as well as private discussions about southern Italy, where [[Joachim Murat]] was said to be raising a [[Kingdom of Naples|Neapolitan]] army.<ref name="palmer139">{{harvnb|Palmer|1972|pp=139–146}}</ref> On 7 March Metternich was awakened with the news that Napoleon had escaped from his island prison of [[Elba]]<ref name="cecil169">{{harvnb|Cecil|1947|pp=169–175}}</ref> and within an hour had met with both the Tsar and the King of Prussia. Metternich wanted no rash change of course, and at first, there was little impact on the Congress. Finally, on 13 March the Big Five declared Napoleon an [[outlaw]] and the Allies began preparations for renewed fighting. On 25 March they signed a treaty committing each to send 150,000 men with little sign of their prior divisive stances. After the military commanders left, the Vienna Congress settled down to serious work, fixing the boundaries of an independent Netherlands, formalising proposals for a loose confederation of [[Swiss canton]]s, and ratifying earlier agreements over Poland. By late April only two major issues remained, the organisation of a new German federation and the problem of Italy.<ref name="palmer139"/>

{{rquote|right|The ministers and representatives of the German princes sent to the congress continue to sing the praises of Prince Metternich.... They admire the tact and circumspection with which he has handled the German committee.|From the report of an agent of the Austrian intelligence service {{harv|Palmer|1972|pp=147–148}}.}}

The latter soon began to come to a head. Austria had solidified its control over Lombardy-Venetia and extended its protection to provinces nominally under the control of Francis' daughter Marie Louise. On 18 April Metternich announced that Austria was formally at [[Neapolitan War|war with Murat's Naples]]. Austria won the [[Battle of Tolentino]] on 3 May and captured Naples less than three weeks later. Metternich then was able to delay a decision on the future of the country until after Vienna. Discussions about Germany would drag on until early June when a joint Austrian-Prussian proposition was ratified. It left most constitutional issues to the new diet; its president would be Emperor Francis himself.<ref name="palmer146"/> Despite criticism from within Austria, Metternich was pleased with the outcome and the degree of control it granted Habsburgs, and, through them, himself.<ref name="palmer146"/> Certainly, Metternich was able to use the diet to his own ends on numerous occasions.<ref>{{harvnb|Ford|1971|p=302}}</ref> The arrangement was similarly popular with most German representatives. A summation treaty was signed on 19 June (the Russians signed a week later),<ref name="cecil169"/> bringing the Vienna Congress officially to an end. Metternich himself had left on 13 June for the front line, prepared for a lengthy war against Napoleon. Napoleon, however, was defeated decisively at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] on 18 June.<ref name="palmer146">{{harvnb|Palmer|1972|pp=146–149}}</ref>