Editing Kitten (section)

===Diet composition===

====Amino acids====
The lack of readily available [[glucose]] from the limited carbohydrates in the diet has resulted to the adaptation of the liver to produce glucose from the breakdown components of protein—amino acids. The enzymes that breakdown amino acids are constantly active in cats. Thus, cats need a constant source of protein in their diet.<ref name="Sheridan" /> Kittens require an increased amount of protein to supply readily available amino acids for daily maintenance and for building new body components because they are constantly growing.<ref name="Sheridan" /> There are many required amino acids for kittens. [[Histidine]] is required at no greater than 30% in kitten diets, since consuming histidine-free diets causes weight loss.<ref name="Ander">{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=P|last2=Baker|first2=D|last3=Sherry|first3=P|last4=Corbin|first4=J|title=Histidine, phenylalanine-tyrosine and tryptophan requirements for growth of the young kitten|journal=Journal of Animal Science|date=1980|volume=50|issue=3|pages=479–483|doi=10.2527/jas1980.503479x|pmid=7364684|s2cid=1583258}}</ref> [[Tryptophan]] is required at 0.15%, seeing as it maximizes performance at this level.<ref name="Ander"/> Kittens also need the following amino acids supplemented in their diet: [[arginine]] to avoid an excess of ammonia in the blood, otherwise known as [[hyperammonemia]], [[isoleucine]], [[leucine]], [[valine]], [[lysine]], [[methionine]] as a sulfur-containing amino acid, [[asparagine]] for maximal growth in the early post-weaning kitten, [[threonine]] and taurine to prevent central retinal degeneration.<ref name="Ander"/>

====Vitamins====

''Fat-soluble vitamins''

[[Vitamin A]] is required in kitten diets because cats cannot convert [[carotenes]] to [[retinol]] in the intestinal mucosa because they lack the necessary enzyme; this vitamin must be supplemented in the diet.<ref name="Sheridan" /><ref name="McDonald" /> [[Vitamin E]] is another required vitamin in kitten diets; deficiency leads to steatitis, causing the depot fat to become firm and yellow-orange in colour, which is painful and leads to death.<ref name="McDonald" /> Also, [[vitamin D]] is an essential vitamin because cats cannot convert it from precursors in the skin.<ref name="Sheridan" />

''Water-soluble vitamins''

Cats can synthesize [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]], but their breakdown exceeds the rate that it can be synthesized and thus, have a higher need for it, which can be fulfilled through an animal-based diet.<ref name="Sheridan" /> [[Pyridoxine]] (vitamin B<sub>6</sub>) is required in increased amounts because it is needed to produce amino acids.<ref name="Sheridan" /> [[vitamin B12|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] is an AAFCO-recommended vitamin that is essential in the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein and maintains a healthy nervous system, healthy mucous membranes, healthy muscle and heart function, and, in general, promotes normal growth and development.<ref name="McDonald">{{cite journal|last1=MacDonald|first1=M|last2=Rogers|first2=Q|title=Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore|journal=Annual Review of Nutrition|date=1984|volume=4|pages=521–562|doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.4.1.521|pmid=6380542}}</ref> [[Choline]] is also a AAFCO recommended ingredient for kittens, which is important for [[neurotransmission]] in the brain and as a component of membrane [[phospholipids]].<ref name="Sheridan" /> Biotin is another AAFCO-recommended vitamin to support thyroid and adrenal glands and the reproductive and nervous systems.<ref name="Sheridan" /> Kittens also require [[riboflavin]] (vitamin B<sub>2</sub>) for heart health, [[pantothenic acid]] (vitamin B<sub>5</sub>), and [[folacin]].<ref name="McDonald" />

====Metabolism aids====
Since kitten diets are very high in [[calories]], ingredients must be implemented to ensure adequate digestion and utilization of these calories. Choline chloride is an ingredient that maintains fat [[metabolism]].<ref name="McDonald" /> [[Biotin]] and niacin are also active in the metabolism of fats, carbs and protein.<ref name="McDonald" /> Riboflavin is also necessary for the digestion of fats and carbohydrates.<ref name="McDonald" /> These are the main metabolism aids incorporated into kitten diets to ensure nutrient usage is maximized.

====Growth and development====
A combination of required nutrients is used to satisfy the overall growth and development of the kitten's body; there are many ingredients that kittens do not require, but are included in diet formulation to encourage healthy growth and development. These ingredients include: dried egg as a source of high quality protein and fatty acids, [[flaxseed]], which is rich in omega-3 fatty acid and aids in digestion, [[calcium carbonate]] as a source of calcium, and calcium pantothenate ([[vitamin B5]]) that acts as a [[coenzyme]] in the conversion of amino acids and is important for healthy skin.<ref name="McDonald" />

====Immunity boosters====
[[Antioxidants]] help support the development of a healthy immune system through inhibiting the [[oxidation]] of other molecules, which are essential for a growing kitten.<ref name="Sheridan" /> Antioxidants can be derived from ingredients such as carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, vitamin E and vitamin E supplement, and [[zinc proteinate]].