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=== Inhibitors of stone formation === Normal [[urine]] contains [[Chelation|chelating]] agents, such as [[Citric acid|citrate]], that inhibit the [[nucleation]], [[Crystal growth|growth]], and aggregation of calcium-containing crystals. Other [[endogenous]] inhibitors include [[calgranulin]] (an [[S-100 protein|S-100 calcium-binding protein]]), [[Tamm–Horsfall protein]], [[glycosaminoglycan]]s, uropontin (a form of [[osteopontin]]), [[nephrocalcin]] (an acidic [[glycoprotein]]), pro[[thrombin]] F1 peptide, and [[Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor|bikunin]] ([[uronic acid]]-rich protein). The biochemical mechanisms of action of these substances have not yet been thoroughly elucidated. However, when these substances fall below their normal proportions, stones can form from an aggregation of crystals.<ref name=Coe2005 /> Sufficient dietary intake of [[magnesium]] and [[citrate]] inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones; in addition, magnesium and citrate operate synergistically to inhibit kidney stones. The efficacy of magnesium in subduing stone formation and growth is [[dose-dependent]].<ref name=Johri2010 /><ref name="Riley-2013" /><ref name="del Valle-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = del Valle EE, Spivacow FR, Negri AL | title = [Citrate and renal stones] | journal = Medicina | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–8 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23924538 }}</ref>
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