Editing Kalinago (section)

==Representation==
In 1492, when  [[Christopher Columbus]] arrived in the Caribbean, the [[Maipurean language|Maipurean]]-speaking [[Taínos]] reportedly relayed stories of the Caribs' war-like nature and cannibalism to him.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> When he arrived in the Lesser Antilles in 1635, the French missionary [[Raymond Breton]] made ethnographic and linguistic notes on the "Caribs", which also informed many of the early stereotypes about the Kalinago.<ref name="Sweeney" /> Other missionaries, such as Cesar de Rochefort, would refute the common conception of the Caribs as cannibals.<ref name="Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949">{{cite book |author=Puerto Rico. Office of Historian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos |publisher=Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico |year=1949 |page=22 |language=es |access-date=4 January 2020 |issue=v. 2}}</ref>

===Cannibalism===
Early European accounts describe the taking of human trophies and the ritual cannibalism of war captives among both Arawak and other Amerindian groups such as the Carib and [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]], though the exact accuracy of cannibalistic reports still remains debated without skeletal evidence to support it.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=Neil L. |date=20 March 1984 |title=Carib cannibalism. The historical evidence |journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.3406/jsa.1984.2239}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Stephen |date=July 6, 2023 |orig-date=August 30, 2021 |title=Controversy: Was the Caribbean really invaded by cannibals? |url=https://www.livescience.com/are-columbus-carib-cannibal-claims-true.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203022912/https://bigthink.com/the-present/columbus-cannibalism/ |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |website=BIg Think}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Scholars such as Hilary McD. Beckles have instead suggested that the stories of "vicious cannibals" may have comprised an "ideological campaign" against the Kalinago to justify "genocidal military expeditions" by European colonizers.<ref name=":8" />

The [[Island Carib language|Island Carib]] word ''karibna'' meant "person", although it became the origin of the English word "cannibal" after Columbus shared stories of flesh-eating Kalinago, apparently heard from their historic [[Taínos|Taíno]] enemies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=Cannibal |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cannibal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212222145/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cannibal |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |website=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Among the Caribs, ''karibna'' was apparently associated with ritual eating of war enemies.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

The Caribs reportedly had a tradition of keeping bones of their ancestors in their houses. [[Missionaries]], such as Père [[Jean Baptiste Labat]] and Cesar de Rochefort, described the practice as part of a belief that the [[ancestral spirits]] would always look after the bones and protect their descendants. The Caribs have been described by their various enemies as vicious and violent raiders. Rochefort stated they did not practice cannibalism.<ref name="Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949" />

During his third voyage to North America in 1528, after exploring [[Florida]], [[the Bahamas]] and the [[Lesser Antilles]], Italian explorer [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] was killed and allegedly eaten by Carib natives on what is now [[Guadeloupe]], near a place called ''Karukera'' (“island of beautiful waters”).<ref>{{cite book |last=Wroth |first=Lawrence C. |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofgiovann0000wrot/page/237 |title=The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-300-01207-1 |location=New Haven |page=[https://archive.org/details/voyagesofgiovann0000wrot/page/237 237] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Historian William Riviere has described most of the cannibalism as related to war rituals.<ref>[http://www.da-academy.org/caribhist.html Historical Notes on Carib Territory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006234424/http://da-academy.org/caribhist.html|date=2011-10-06}}, William (Para) Riviere, PhD, Historian.</ref>

===Carib resistance===
[[Chief Kairouane]] and his men from [[Grenada]] jumped off the "Leapers Hill" rather than face slavery under the French invaders, serving as an iconic representation of the Kalinago spirit of resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newton |first=Melanie J. |year=2014 |title=Genocide, Narrative, And Indigenous Exile From the Caribbean Archipelago |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296122225 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=5 |doi=10.1080/00086495.2014.11671886 |s2cid=163455608}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Crouse |first=Nellis Maynard |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/296121904/ |title=French pioneers in the West Indies, 1624–1664 |publisher=New York: Columbia university press |year=1940 |pages=196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Margry |first=Pierre |year=1878 |title=Origines Francaises des Pays D'outre-mer, Les seigneurs de la Martinique |trans-title=French origins of overseas countries, the lords Martinique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4x_YUWVcKgC&q=Kairouane+Parquet&pg=PA288 |journal=La Revue maritime |language=fr |pages=287–8}}</ref>