Editing Juris Doctor (section)

==Modern variants and curriculum==
Legal education is rooted in the history and structure of the legal system of the jurisdiction where the education is given; therefore, law degrees are vastly different from country to country, making comparisons among degrees problematic.<ref>See, Langbein (1996).</ref> This has proven true in the context of the various forms of the JD which have been implemented around the world.{{Clarify|reason=how, and in what ways are comparisons problematic|date=August 2023}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{big|'''Comparisons of JD variants'''}}{{efn|Citations for verification of the data in this table can be found in the subsequent paragraphs of this section.}}
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! Jurisdiction
! Duration<br />{{small|(years)}}
! Different<br />curriculum{{small|<br />from LL.B. in<br />jurisdiction}}
! Further<br />vocational training{{small|<br />required<br />for license}}
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Australia
| 3 || No || Yes
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Canada
| 3 || No || Yes
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Hong Kong
| 2–3 || No || Yes
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Italy
|5 || Integrated || Yes
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Japan
| 2–3 || Yes || Yes
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Philippines
| 4 || Varies || No{{efn|Juris Doctor degree qualifies one to sit for the bar examinations.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Singapore
| 3 || No || Yes<ref name=SMU-c2014>
{{cite web
 |title=Is the Juris Doctor degree offered by the Singapore Management University (SMU) an approved degree?
 |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/unis/is-the-juris-doctor-degree-offered-by-the-singapore-management-university-smu-an-approved-degree.html
 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174938/http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/unis/is-the-juris-doctor-degree-offered-by-the-singapore-management-university-smu-an-approved-degree.html
 |archive-date=22 February 2014
}}
</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! United States
| 3 || No || No, except Delaware<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions - Board of Bar Examiners - Supreme Court - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware |url=https://www.courts.delaware.gov/bbe/faqs.aspx |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=www.courts.delaware.gov |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802184001/https://courts.delaware.gov/bbe/faqs.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Types and characteristics===

====Standard ''Juris Doctor'' curriculum====
{{See also|Law school in the United States#Curriculum}}

As stated by Hall and Langdell, who were involved in the creation of the JD, the JD is a professional degree like the [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], intended to prepare practitioners through a [[#Revolutionary approach: scientific study of law|scientific approach]] of analysing and teaching the law through logic and adversarial analysis (such as the [[Casebook method|casebook]] and [[Socratic method#Law schools|Socratic]] methods).<ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Hall
 |first=J.
 |year=1907
 |title=American Law School Degrees
 |journal=Michigan Law Review
 |volume=6
 |number=2
 |pages=112–117
 |doi=10.2307/1274166
 |jstor=1274166
 |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12788&context=journal_articles
 |via=Google Books
 |access-date=1 August 2021
 }}</ref> This system of curriculum has existed in the United States for over 100 years. The JD program generally requires a bachelor's degree for entry, though this requirement is sometimes waived.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Chapter&nbsp;5
 |series=Legal Education Standards (2015–2016)
 |date=7 February 2016
|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/Standards/2015_2016_chapter_5.authcheckdam.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207013247/http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/Standards/2015_2016_chapter_5.authcheckdam.pdf
 |archive-date=7 February 2016
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Applying without a bachelor's degree
 |website=Cooley.edu
 |url=http://www.cooley.edu/prospective/bachelors.html
 |access-date=17 April 2017 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502193806/http://www.cooley.edu/prospective/bachelors.html
 |archive-date=2 May 2017
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Admission FAQ
 |url=http://www.lawdegree.com/content/admission/faq.asp
 |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119012420/http://www.lawdegree.com/content/admission/faq.asp
 |archive-date=19 January 2016
}}
</ref>

As a study of the substantive law and its professional applications, the JD curriculum has not changed substantially since its creation. As a professional degree, JD programs typically allow practitioners. It requires at least three academic years of full-time study. While the JD is a doctoral degree in the US, lawyers usually use the suffix "[[esquire|Esq.]]" as opposed to the prefix "Dr.", and that only in a professional context, when needed to alert others that they are a biased party – acting as an agent for their client.<ref name=Perry-2012-06/>

====Replacement for the LLB====
An initial attempt to rename the LLB to the JD in the US in the early 20th century started with a petition at Harvard in 1902. This was rejected, but the idea took hold at the new law school established at the [[University of Chicago]] and other universities. By 1925, 80% of US law schools awarded the JD to students who had entered the program with an undergraduate degree, while granting undergraduate entrants the LLB. The change was initially rejected by the leading law schools of the time Harvard, Yale and Columbia. By the late 1920s, schools were moving away from the JD and once again granting only the LLB, with only law schools in Illinois holding out. This changed in the 1960s, by which time almost all law school entrants were graduates. The JD was reintroduced in 1962 and by 1971 had replaced the LLB, with many schools offering a JD as a replacement to their LLB alumni.<ref name=Perry-2012-06>{{cite journal
 |first=David |last=Perry
 |date=June 2012
 |title=How did lawyers become "doctors"? From the LL.B. to the J.D.
 |journal=New York State Bar Association Journal
 |volume=84 |issue=5
 |publisher=[[New York State Bar Association]]
 |postscript=;
}} available at {{cite web
 |title=MO Bar
 |url=http://www.mobar.org/uploadedFiles/Home/Publications/Precedent/2013/Winter/doctors.pdf
 |postscript=;
 |access-date=17 September 2016
 |archive-date=9 September 2015
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909131931/http://www.mobar.org/uploadedFiles/Home/Publications/Precedent/2013/Winter/doctors.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }} and at {{cite web
 |title=Hein online
 |url=http://www.heinonline.org/
 |url-access=registration
 |access-date=19 September 2016
 |archive-date=17 April 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215608/http://www.heinonline.org/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

Canadian and Australian universities have had graduate-entry law programs that are very similar to the JD programs in the United States, but typically called the LLB. Some students at these universities advocated for the renaming of the graduate-entry LLB to the JD to recognise the graduate characteristics of the program and to obtain a so-called doctoral-level qualification.<ref name="Belford-2009">
{{cite news |last=Belford |first=T. |year=2009 |title=Why change to a J.D. degree? |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |place=Toronto, ON, Canada |url=http://www.globecampus.ca/in-the-news/globecampusreport/why-change-to-a-jd-degree/ |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620002834/http://www.globecampus.ca/in-the-news/globecampusreport/why-change-to-a-jd-degree |archive-date=20 June 2011 |series=Globe Campus Report}}
</ref>

===Descriptions of the JD outside the United States===
{{See also|Legal education}}

====Australia====
The traditional law degree in Australia is the undergraduate Bachelor of Laws ([[Bachelor of Laws#Australia|LLB]]). Beginning in the 2010s, many Australian universities now offer JD programs, including the country's best ranked universities (e.g. the [[University of New South Wales]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/future-students/unsw-jd |title=Unsw Jd &#124; Law |website=Law.unsw.edu.au |date=7 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428145223/http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/future-students/unsw-jd |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[University of Sydney]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sydney.edu.au/law/fstudent/jd/program.shtml |title=The Sydney Juris Doctor (JD) – Future Students – The University of Sydney |website=Sydney.edu.au |date=30 March 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220224339/http://sydney.edu.au/law/fstudent/jd/program.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian National University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.anu.edu.au/study/study-programs/anu-juris-doctor |title=The ANU Juris Doctor – ANU College of Law – ANU |website=Law.anu.edu.au |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419141757/https://law.anu.edu.au/study/study-programs/anu-juris-doctor |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[University of Melbourne]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.unimelb.edu.au/study/jd |title=The Melbourne JD (Juris Doctor) : Melbourne Law School |location=AU |website=Law.unimelb.edu.au |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220702/http://law.unimelb.edu.au/study/jd |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Monash University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://monash.edu/pubs/2019handbooks/courses/L6005.html|title=Monash University Handbook|website=Monash University|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027161717/https://www3.monash.edu/pubs/2019handbooks/courses/L6005.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Western Sydney University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/future/study/courses/postgraduate/juris-doctor|title=Western Sydney University - JD Course Information|website=westernsydney.edu.au|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218122710/https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/future/study/courses/postgraduate/juris-doctor |url-status=live}}</ref>).

Generally, universities that offer the JD also offer the LLB, although at some universities, only the graduate-entry JD is offered. The University of Melbourne, for example, has phased out its undergraduate LLB program for a graduate JD one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/a-decade-into-the-melbourne-model-young-graduates-give-their-assessment-20150930-gjxt3u.html |title=A decade into the Melbourne Model, young graduates give their assessment |website=Smh.com.au |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507111418/http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/a-decade-into-the-melbourne-model-young-graduates-give-their-assessment-20150930-gjxt3u.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An Australian Juris Doctor consists of three years of full-time study, or the equivalent. The course varies across different universities, though all are obliged to teach the [[Priestley 11]] subjects per the requirements of state admissions boards in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au/qualifications-and-training/academic|title=Academic|first=Victorian Legal Admissions|last=Board|website=www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609000525/https://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au/qualifications-and-training/academic|url-status=live}}</ref> JDs are considered equivalent to LLBs, and graduates must meet the same requirements to qualify, including undergoing a practical training.

On the [[Australian Qualifications Framework]], the Juris Doctor is classified as a "masters degree (extended)",<!-- note the official name for this class of qualifications does *not* include an apostrophe - see citations to the AQF in this paragraph --> with an exception having been granted to use the term "doctor" in the title (other such exceptions include Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dentistry and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine). It may not be described as a doctoral degree and holders may not use the title "doctor".<ref name="AQF titles">{{cite web|url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AQF-qualification-titles-PDF-2B3-1b.pdf|title=AQF qualification titles|publisher=Australian Qualifications Framework Council|access-date=16 September 2016|date=June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213104206/http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aqf-qualification-titles-pdf-2b3-1b.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="AQF addendum">{{cite web|url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AQF-Addendum-2014.pdf|title=Addendum to AQF Second Edition January 2013: Amended Qualification Type: Masters Degree|access-date=16 September 2016|date=May 2014|publisher=Australian Qualifications Framework Council|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220022220/http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AQF-Addendum-2014.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

====Canada====
The JD degree is the dominant common-law law degree in Canada, having replaced many of the nation's former LLB programs. Unlike other jurisdictions, the Canadian LLB was historically typically second-entry undergraduate degree that required the prior completion of another undergraduate degree.<ref name="allard.ubc.ca">{{cite web |title=Peter A. Allard School of Law &#124; UBC Board of Governors Approves Request for LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) degree to be renamed J.D. (Juris Doctor) |url=https://allard.ubc.ca/news-events/news-room/ubc-board-governors-approves-request-llb-bachelor-laws-degree-be-renamed-jd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411040536/https://allard.ubc.ca/news-events/news-room/ubc-board-governors-approves-request-llb-bachelor-laws-degree-be-renamed-jd |archive-date=2015-04-11 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=Allard.ubc.ca}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
 |date=May 2012
 |title=Dean Patrick Monahan on the growing number of Canadian law schools switching from the LL.B. to J.D. degree designation
 |publisher=Osgoode Law School
 |url=http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/83303ffe5af03ed585256ae6005379c9/ef8025cc6549271e852574200056fcc8!OpenDocument
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610142423/http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/83303ffe5af03ed585256ae6005379c9/ef8025cc6549271e852574200056fcc8%21OpenDocument
 |archive-date=10 June 2008
}}
</ref> The [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law|University of Toronto]] became the first law school to rename its law degree in 2001. As with the second-entry LLB, in order to be admitted to a ''Juris Doctor'' program, applicants must have completed a minimum of two or three years of study toward a bachelor's degree and scored well on the North American [[Law School Admission Test]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |title= First Year Admission Standards
 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]
 |url=http://law.queensu.ca/prospectiveStudents/jdProgram/admissionInformation/firstYearAdmissionStandards.html
 |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715101813/http://law.queensu.ca/prospectiveStudents/jdProgram/admissionInformation/firstYearAdmissionStandards.html
 |archive-date=15 July 2009
}}
</ref> Notwithstanding the formal requirements, nearly all successful applicants have completed undergraduate degrees before admission to a JD program.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=LL.B. program admission
 |publisher=[[University of Calgary]]
 |url=http://law.ucalgary.ca/programs/llb/admission
 |access-date=10 December 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210055347/http://law.ucalgary.ca/programs/llb/admission
 |archive-date=10 December 2007
}}
</ref> The JD in Canada is considered to be a bachelor's degree qualification.<ref name="Canadian Framework">{{cite web
 |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework
 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada
 |publisher=Council of Ministers of Education
 |place=Canada
 |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |quote=''Programs with a professional focus'' ... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some  professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)
 |archive-date=28 April 2019
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214830/http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

All Canadian ''Juris Doctor'' programs consist of three years and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses, including public law, property law, tort law, contract law, criminal law and legal research and writing.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Degree Requirements – First Year Courses
 |series=J.D. program
 |department=Osgoode Hall Law School
 |publisher=[[York University]]
 |place=Canada
 |website=Osgoode.yorku.ca
 |url=http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/jd/first_year_courses.html
 |access-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104020/http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/jd/first_year_courses.html
 |archive-date=21 July 2011
}}
</ref> Beyond first year and other courses required for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as commercial and corporate law, taxation, international law, natural resources law, real estate transactions, employment law, criminal law and Aboriginal law.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Bachelor of Law degree programs in Canada
 |website=Canadian-universities.net
 |url=http://www.canadian-universities.net/Law-Schools/Bachelor.html
 |access-date=17 April 2017
 |archive-date=10 May 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510120805/http://www.canadian-universities.net/Law-Schools/Bachelor.html
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> After graduation from an accredited law school, each province's or territory's law society requires completion of a bar admission course or examination and a period of supervised articling prior to independent practice.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=What you need to know
 |series=Licensing process – lawyer
 |department=Resource Center
 |publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada
 |place=Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 |website=rc.lsuc.on.ca
 |url=http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/licensingprocesslawyer/articling/ar45memWhatYouNeedToKnow.pdf
 |access-date=11 September 2009 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705072946/http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/licensingprocesslawyer/articling/ar45memWhatYouNeedToKnow.pdf
 |archive-date=5 July 2010
}}
</ref>

United States jurisdictions other than New York and Massachusetts do not recognize Canadian ''Juris Doctor'' degrees automatically.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Toronto – Faculty of Law: Prospective Students |url=http://www.law.utoronto.ca/prosp_stdn_content.asp?itemPath=3/6/15/6/0&contentId=983#States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828072437/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/prosp_stdn_content.asp?itemPath=3%2F6%2F15%2F6%2F0&contentId=983#States |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=25 August 2011 |publisher=Law.utoronto.ca}}</ref><ref>[http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduateadmissions/barexaminformation/index.htm NYU Law] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211222152/http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduateadmissions/barexaminformation/index.htm |date=11 December 2009 }}. Law.nyu.edu. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/ForeignLegalEducation.htm |title=Foreign Legal Education |publisher=Nybarexam.org |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903034702/http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/ForeignLegalEducation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, United States JD graduates are not automatically recognized in Canadian jurisdictions such as Ontario.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Lawyers
 |series=Working career professionals
 |website=Citizenship Ontario
 |url=http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/working/career/professions/lawyers.shtm
 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> To prepare graduates to practise in jurisdictions on both sides of the border, some pairs of law schools have developed joint Canadian-American JD programs. As of 2018, these include a three-year program conducted concurrently at the University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy,<ref>
{{cite web
 |publisher=[[University of Windsor]]
 |title=JD / LLB – Welcome
 |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb
 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216235612/http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb
 |archive-date=16 February 2008
}}
</ref> as well as a four-year program with the University of Ottawa and either Michigan State University or American University in which students spend two years studying on each side of the border.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program
 |department=[[Michigan State University]] College of Law
 |url=http://www.law.msu.edu/academics/ac-multi-llb.html
 |access-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064106/http://www.law.msu.edu/academics/ac-multi-llb.html
 |archive-date=9 May 2008
}}
</ref> Previously, New York University (NYU) Law School and Osgoode Hall Law School offered a similar program, but this has since been terminated.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Osgoode J.D./LL.B. Program
 |series=Office of Admissions
 |department=[[New York University]] School of Law
 |url=http://www.law.nyu.edu/depts/admissions/info/joint/Osgoodejointprogram.html
 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518061238/http://www.law.nyu.edu/depts/admissions/info/joint/Osgoodejointprogram.html
 |archive-date=18 May 2008
}}
</ref>

Two notable exceptions are [[Université de Montréal]] and [[Université de Sherbrooke]], which both offer a one-year JD program aimed at [[Quebec civil law]] graduates in order to practice law either elsewhere in Canada or in the state of New York.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=J.D.
 |id=Programme No 2-328-1-1
 |publisher=[[University of Montreal]]
 |url=http://admission.umontreal.ca/programmes/juris-doctor-emcommon-lawem-nord-americaine/
 |access-date=31 December 2013
 |archive-date=2 January 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192202/http://admission.umontreal.ca/programmes/juris-doctor-emcommon-lawem-nord-americaine/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Diplôme (Juris Doctor) – Faculté de droit
 |publisher=[[Université de Sherbrooke]]
 |place=Canada
 |website=Usherbrooke.ca
 |url=https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/programmes/deuxieme-cycle-type-cours/common-law-et-droit-transnational/diplome-juris-doctor/
 |access-date=17 April 2017
 |archive-date=11 August 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811104128/https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/programmes/deuxieme-cycle-type-cours/common-law-et-droit-transnational/diplome-juris-doctor/
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

[[York University]] offered the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence (DJur) as a research degree until 2002, when the name of the program was changed to PhD in law.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=September senate
 |date=10 October 2002
 |publisher=[[York University]]
 |url=http://yfile-archive.news.yorku.ca/2002/10/10/september-senate/
 |access-date=13 February 2017
 |archive-date=14 February 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180123/http://yfile-archive.news.yorku.ca/2002/10/10/september-senate/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

====China====
The primary law degree in the People's Republic of China is the undergraduate Bachelor of Laws. The Juris Magister is the graduate-level professional law degree in China, which is regarded as the counterpart of a Juris Doctor.<ref>
{{cite web |date=28 August 2005 |title=Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Academic Degrees (2004) |url=http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/en/b/2004-08-28/8240.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707040835/http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/en/b/2004-08-28/8240.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011 |publisher=P.R.C. National People's Congress}}
</ref> In fall 2008, the Shenzhen graduate campus of Peking University started the School of Transnational Law, which offers a United States-style education and awards a Chinese Juris Doctor degree.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Circular authorizing Peking University to offer the international ''Fa Lv Shuo Shi'' on a trial basis
 |date=27 August 2007
|publisher=Academic Degree Commission of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
 |url=http://www.stl.szpku.edu.cn/upFile/20106/20106101133125.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707025744/http://www.stl.szpku.edu.cn/upFile/20106/20106101133125.pdf
 |archive-date=7 July 2011
}}
</ref>

===== Hong Kong =====
The JD degree is currently offered at the [[the Chinese University of Hong Kong|Chinese University of Hong Kong]],<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor
 |series=Academic programmes
 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/programmes/juris-doctor.php
 |access-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226060725/http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/programmes/juris-doctor.php
 |archive-date=26 December 2013
}}
</ref> [[The University of Hong Kong]],<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor (J.D.) overview
 |publisher=[[The University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |access-date=15 December 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202084116/http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |archive-date=2 December 2008
}}
</ref> and [[City University of Hong Kong]]. The JD in Hong Kong is almost identical to the LLB, and is reserved for graduates of non-law disciplines. However, the JD requires a thesis or dissertation.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor (J.D.) overview
 |publisher=[[The University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |access-date=15 December 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202084116/http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |archive-date=2 December 2008
|postscript=;
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |title=JD programme structure
 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/law/prospectiveStudents/jd01.html
 |access-date=29 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703110734/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/law/prospectiveStudents/jd01.html
 |archive-date=3 July 2008
|postscript=;
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor
 |series=Academic Programmes
 |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/english/programmes/courses/jd_faq.htm
 |access-date=29 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413234653/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/english/programmes/courses/jd_faq.htm
 |archive-date=13 April 2008
}}
</ref> The JD in Hong Kong is a 2-year program, including study during the summer term, but can be extended to three years with summer vacations.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor (JD) overview
 |publisher=[[The University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |access-date=15 December 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202084116/http://www.hku.hk/law/jd/jd_overview.html
 |archive-date=2 December 2008
|postscript=;
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/law/prospectiveStudents/jd03.html
 |title=The Juris Doctor (J.D.) programme
 |series=Courses and Recommended Sequences
 |access-date=29 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610105524/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/law/prospectiveStudents/jd03.html
 |archive-date=10 June 2008
|postscript=;
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor
 |series=Academic Programmes
 |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/english/programmes/courses/jd.htm
 |access-date=29 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224190014/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/english/programmes/courses/jd.htm
 |archive-date=24 December 2007
}}<br />
The [[City University of Hong Kong]] website says at the top of the webpage that it is a 2&nbsp;year program, but later on the same page and on other pages in the site, states that ''"normally, full-time J.D. students can complete the programme in 3&nbsp;years."''
</ref> The JD is considered a master's degree by universities and the Hong Kong Qualification Framework.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor (J.D.)
 |series=FAQ
 |publisher=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
 |website=CUHK Law
 |url=http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/en/study/jd_programme-faq.php
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |quote=Is the J.D. programme a doctoral or a master's degree?<br />The J.D. programme is formally classified as a taught master's degree programme and it is not customary for J.D. graduates to use the title "Doctor".
 |postscript=;
 |archive-date=10 September 2016
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910215151/http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/en/study/jd_programme-faq.php
 |url-status=live
 }}<br />
{{cite web
 |title=Masters degrees
 |series=Calendar
 |year=2016–2017
 |publisher=[[University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www4.hku.hk/pubunit/calendar/2016-2017/a/c/32-2016-2017/393-masters-degrees
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921183642/http://www4.hku.hk/pubunit/calendar/2016-2017/a/c/32-2016-2017/393-masters-degrees
 |archive-date=21 September 2016
 |postscript=;
 }}<br />
{{cite web
 |title=Juris Doctor (JD) – Information for entrants to be admitted in 2013–2014 and thereafter
 |department=School of Law
 |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]]
 |url=http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/slw/academic/postgraduate.html
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |quote=Although the award has the word 'doctor' in its title, this is a traditional usage and it is not generally regarded as equivalent to the Ph.D. degree or other doctoral awards.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; It is a first law degree for students who are already graduates in a non-law discipline.
 |archive-date=25 February 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012612/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/academic/postgraduate.html
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Award Titles Scheme
 |series=Qualifications Framework
 |publisher=Government of the Hong Kong
 |department=Special Administrative Region
 |url=https://www.hkqf.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_16/HKQF_ATS_E_2012_10.pdf
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |quote=8.&nbsp;Providers may continue to adopt titles traditionally used for degree and sub-degree qualifications in the mainstream education; i.e.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Associate at Level&nbsp;4<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bachelor at Level&nbsp;5<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Master at Level&nbsp;6 <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Doctor at Level&nbsp;7<br />9.&nbsp;The following qualifications currently offered by the university sector are recognised globally. These award titles will continue to be recognised under QF although they do not conform to ATS: <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Juris Doctor (J.D.) at QF Level&nbsp;6
 |archive-date=7 April 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002330/https://www.hkqf.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_16/HKQF_ATS_E_2012_10.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

Neither the LLB nor the JD provides the education sufficient for a license to practice. Graduates of both are also required to undertake the [[Postgraduate Certificate in Laws|PCLL]] course and a solicitor traineeship or barrister pupillage.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=General Admission
 |publisher=Hong Kong Bar Association
 |url=http://www.hkba.org/admission-pupillage/general/index.html
 |access-date=1 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603052800/http://www.hkba.org/admission-pupillage/general/index.html
 |archive-date=3 June 2008
}}
</ref>

====Italy====
In [[Italy]], only one program gives access to traditional legal professions such as lawyer, magistrate or public notary, and that is the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza''.<ref name="Degree Programmes - School of Law">{{cite web
 |title=Degree Programmes
 |department=School of Law
 |publisher=[[University of Bologna]]
 |website=www.law.unibo.it
 |language=en
 |url=http://www.law.unibo.it/en/programmes/degree-programmes
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=15 September 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915002057/http://www.law.unibo.it/en/programmes/degree-programmes
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> Legal studies have a long history in Italy, with the [[University of Bologna]] being the main Italian center for studies of both [[canon law]] and [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=University of Bologna {{!}} History & Development {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Bologna |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The ''laurea magistrale in giurisprudenza'' is a five-year academic program, deemed a master's-level degree under the [[Bologna Process|Bologna process]],<ref>{{cite web
 |title=MIUR – Università
 |website=www.miur.it
 |url=http://www.miur.it/0006Menu_C/0012Docume/0098Normat/4640Modifi_cf2.htm
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=13 May 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513191934/https://www.miur.it/0006Menu_C/0012Docume/0098Normat/4640Modifi_cf2.htm
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> that can be entered into with a [[high school diploma]]. The program comprises universities classes in legal theory and legal subjects, excluding practical courses, and is concluded with a thesis ({{langx|it|tesi di laurea}}) to be defended before an academic commission.<ref name="Degree Programmes - School of Law" /> In a novel approach, a few universities are trialing a 3+2 model, which initially offers a bachelor's degree in law, followed by the option to undertake an additional two years to earn the Italian Juris Doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russo |first=Maria |date=2010-11-24 |title=Laurea in Giurisprudenza |url=https://www.universita.it/laurea-giurisprudenza/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Universita.it |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca |url=https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=l'Adige |language=it}}</ref>

Italian graduates in law are awarded the title of Doctor of Law ({{langx|it|Dottore Magistrale in Giurisprudenza}}, commonly known as ''Dottore in legge''), in keeping with standard Italian practice of awarding the title of [[doctor (title)|doctor]] to university graduates.

Holders of the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza'' are eligible to register with an Italian bar association, which is a prerequisite for the mandatory eighteen-month apprenticeship under a practicing attorney-at-law before taking the bar examination.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Riforma dell'ordinamento professionale forense
 |date=January 2013
 |website=Consiglio Nazionale Forense
 |place=Italy
 |language=it
 |id=L.&nbsp;247/2012
 |url=http://www.consiglionazionaleforense.it/documents/20182/281186/2013-01+IV-03+LEGGE+247-2012+RIFORMA+ORDINAMENTO+PROFESSIONALE+FORENSE.pdf/36dc1607-fd5d-4368-83b0-b7358ff0aea5?version=1.0
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=15 September 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042344/http://www.consiglionazionaleforense.it/documents/20182/281186/2013-01+IV-03+LEGGE+247-2012+RIFORMA+ORDINAMENTO+PROFESSIONALE+FORENSE.pdf/36dc1607-fd5d-4368-83b0-b7358ff0aea5?version=1.0
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> Alternatively, graduates may opt for two additional years of study at the ''Scuole di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali'' (Specialization Schools for the Legal Profession), leading to a ''Diploma di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali'' (Specialization Diploma for the Legal Profession), akin to a master's degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto Legislativo 5 aprile 2006, n. 160 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2006-04-05;160!vig= |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=normattiva.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legge 30 luglio 2007, n. 111 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2007-07-30;111!vig= |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=normattiva.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca |url=https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523204732/https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=l'Adige |language=it}}</ref> Possession of the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza'' also qualifies individuals to partake in the competitive public examination, administered by the Ministry of Justice, for entry into the [[Judiciary of Italy#Ordinary magistracy|ordinary magistracy]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=Nuovo Accesso Diretto Al Concorso In Magistratura Con La Sola Laurea – Riforma Cartabia 2022 – Art 4 Legge 17 Giugno 2022, N. 71, n. 98 |url=https://www.fglaw.it/concorso_magistratura_nuovo_accesso_semplificato_direttamente_con_la_laurea_riforma_2022.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |language=it}}</ref>

====Japan====
In [[Japan]] the JD is known as {{Nihongo|'''Homu Hakushi'''|法務博士|hōmu hakushi}}.<ref>
{{cite report
 |publisher=Justice System Reform Council
 |year=2001
 |title=For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st&nbsp;Century
}}
</ref> The program generally lasts three years. Two-year JD programs for applicants with legal knowledge (mainly undergraduate level law degree holders) are also offered. This curriculum is professionally oriented,<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Program Introduction and Dean's Message
 |publisher=Yokohama National University Law School
 |url=http://www.iblaw.ynu.ac.jp/english/law/program_i.html
 |access-date=7 April 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910032346/http://www.iblaw.ynu.ac.jp/english/law/program_i.html
 |archive-date=10 September 2009
}}
</ref> but does not provide the education sufficient for a license to practice as an [[Attorneys in Japan|attorney in Japan]]. All candidates for licensing must undertake a 12-month practical training by the Legal Training and Research Institute after passing the bar examination.<ref>
{{cite conference
 |last=Foote |first=D.
 |year=2005
 |title=Justice system reform in Japan
 |conference=Annual meeting of the Research of Sociology of Law
 |place=Paris, FR
 |publisher=European Network on Law and Society
 |url=http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/communication/docs/foote.pdf
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320130621/http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/communication/docs/foote.pdf
 |archive-date=20 March 2009
}}
</ref> Similarly to the United States, the Juris Doctor is classed as a {{Nihongo|professional degree|専門職|senmonshoku}} in Japan, which is separate from the academic class of postgraduate master's degrees and doctorates.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Degree Regulations of Nagoya University
 |publisher=[[Nagoya University]]
 |url=http://jalii.law.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stuwork/nurule416_104-420_109-a.html
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |archive-date=27 August 2016
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827012132/http://jalii.law.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stuwork/nurule416_104-420_109-a.html
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite report
 |title=Kobe University degree regulations
 |publisher=[[Kobe University]]
 |url=http://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/documents/en/about-kobe-university/info-disclosure/Kobe%2520University%2520Degree%2520Regulations.pdf
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144134/https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/documents/en/about-kobe-university/info-disclosure/Kobe%20University%20Degree%20Regulations.pdf
 |archive-date=24 February 2021
 |access-date=16 September 2016 |url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

==== Philippines ====

In the [[Philippines]], the Juris Doctor (JD) has replaced the [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] as the universal academic degree for law graduates. This transition was formalized by the [[Legal Education Board]] (LEB) through Legal Education Board Memorandum Order No. 19, s. 2018, which mandated the adoption of the JD as the standard law degree in the country.<ref name=Philippines>{{cite web |title=Is Juris Doctor equivalent to PhD in the Philippines? |url=https://legalknowledgebase.com/is-juris-doctor-equivalent-to-phd-in-the-philippines |website=Legal Knowledge Base}}</ref> 

The JD program spans four years and includes all subjects required for the [[Philippine Bar Examination]]. In 2021, the LEB issued Legal Education Board Memorandum Order No. 24, s. 2021, which adopted a Revised Model Law Curriculum (RMLC) to standardize legal education across all institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEB Memorandum Order No. 24, s. 2021 |url=https://lawschoolbuddy.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/LEBMO-No.-24.pdf |website=Law School Buddy}}</ref> In 2024, the LEB introduced the Master of Legal Studies-Juris Doctor (MLS-JD) program, which allowed students with an MLS degree to complete a JD in a shorter period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abogado |date=2024-05-30 |title=LEB announces moratorium on law schools’ applications for ladderized program |url=https://abogado.com.ph/leb-announces-moratorium-on-law-schools-applications-for-ladderized-program/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=abogado.com.ph |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2019, the LEB issued Legal Education Board Resolution No. 2019-406, declaring that basic law degrees, whether LLB or JD, should be considered equivalent to [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]] in other non-law disciplines for purposes of appointment, employment, ranking, and compensation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law Degree Now Equal to Doctor’s Degree |url=https://www.projectjurisprudence.com/2019/01/law-degree-now-equal-to-doctors-degree.html |website=Project Jurisprudence}}</ref> However, the [[Commission on Higher Education]], which has legal responsibility for establishing equivalency, stated that it had serious concerns with this declaration and has ruled that JDs are not equivalent to doctorates.<ref name=Philippines/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/01/14/ched-clarifies-basic-law-degrees-are-not-equivalent-to-doctoral-degrees|title=CHED clarifies basic law degrees are not equivalent to doctoral degrees|author=Francine Ciasico|date=January 14, 2019|work=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://kami.com.ph/108131-juris-doctor-degree-meaning-program-jobs-one.html|title=Juris Doctor degree: Meaning, program, jobs, how to become one|work=KAMI.com.ph|author=Dan Amadi|date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>

====Singapore====
The degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence is offered at all three law schools in Singapore, which also offer LLB degrees. It is a qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission to the legal profession in Singapore.<ref name=SMU-c2014/> A graduate of these programmes is a "qualified person" under Singapore's legislation governing entry to the legal profession, and is eligible for admission to the Singapore Bar.<ref>{{cite report
 |title=Rule&nbsp;5A, Legal profession (qualified persons) rules
 |at=Cap.&nbsp;161, s.&nbsp;2(2)
 |publisher=Ministry of Law
 |place=Singapore
 |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/dam/minlaw/corp/assets/documents/linkclick0667.pdf
 |access-date=14 February 2014
 |archive-date=22 February 2014
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174629/http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/dam/minlaw/corp/assets/documents/linkclick0667.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
The [[Quality Assurance Agency]] consulted in 2014 on the inclusion of "Juris Doctor" in the U.K. Framework for Higher Education Qualifications as an exception to the rule that "doctor" should only be used by doctoral degrees. It was proposed that the Juris Doctor would be an award at bachelor level, and would not confer the right to use the title "doctor".<ref>
{{cite report
 |chapter=Part A: Setting and maintaining academic standards
 |date=August 2014
 |title=U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education
 |edition=Post consultation draft (v.&nbsp;4)  |pages=34, 35
 |series=The frameworks for higher education qualifications of U.K. degree-awarding bodies
 |publisher=QAA
 |chapter-url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/AboutUs/Documents/QAA%20Board%20Meeting%20-%20October%202014/QAA-Board-FHEQ-Part-A-Quality-Code-October-2014.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110105911/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/AboutUs/Documents/QAA%20Board%20Meeting%20-%20October%202014/QAA-Board-FHEQ-Part-A-Quality-Code-October-2014.pdf
 |archive-date=10 January 2017
|quote=Comment&nbsp;[s4]: <br /> Footnote as follows will need to be added depending on decision re. the J.D.:<br /> • the award of a Juris Doctor is an exception to the principle that the title 'doctor' should only be used for qualifications meeting the qualification descriptor for FHEQ level&nbsp;8 / SCQF level&nbsp;12 on the FQHEIS in full<br /> • the Juris Doctor is not a doctoral qualification at level&nbsp;8 of the FHEQ / SQCF level&nbsp;12 but at level&nbsp;6 of the FHEQ / SCQF level&nbsp;10 on the FQHEIS (with some modules at level&nbsp;7 of the FHEQ / SCQF level&nbsp;11 on the FQHEIS)<br /> • holders of the qualification are not entitled to use the title 'Dr.'
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite report
 |chapter=Part&nbsp;A: Setting and maintaining academic standards, the U.K. frameworks for higher education qualifications
 |date=18 June 2014
|title=Consultation on the U.K. Quality Code for Higher Education
 |page=6
 |publisher=[[University of Ulster]]
 |department=Learning and Teaching Committee
 |chapter-url=https://www.ulster.ac.uk/academicoffice/download/TLC/18June2014/12-UKFrameworks.pdf
 |access-date=8 December 2018 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110104549/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/academicoffice/download/TLC/18June2014/12-UKFrameworks.pdf
 |archive-date=10 January 2017
}}
</ref> This was not incorporated into the final framework published in 2014.<ref>{{cite report
 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of U.K. Degree-Awarding Bodies
 |date=October 2014
 |publisher=QAA
 |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/qualifications-frameworks.pdf?sfvrsn=170af781_14
 |access-date=4 August 2018
 |archive-date=22 October 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022223825/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/qualifications-frameworks.pdf?sfvrsn=170af781_14
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

The only JD degree awarded by a UK university is at [[Queen's University Belfast]]. The 3–4 year degree is specified a [[professional doctorate]] at the doctoral qualifications level, sitting above the LLM. It includes a 30,000-word dissertation.<ref>{{cite report
 |chapter=Law – J.Dr.
 |title=Programme Specifications (2019–2020)
 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]
 |department=Academic Affairs
 |chapter-url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/ProgrammeSpecifications/2019/pgt/detail/?org=SLAW&plan=LAW-JDR
 |access-date=20 November 2019
 |archive-date=7 April 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002326/https://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/ProgrammeSpecifications/2019/pgt/detail/?org=SLAW&plan=LAW-JDR
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report
 |title=Study regulations for research degree programmes
 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]
 |url=http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/GeneralRegulations/StudyRegulations/StudyRegulationsforResearchDegreeProgrammes/
 |access-date=16 September 2016
 |archive-date=14 September 2016
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914163730/http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/AcademicStudentAffairs/AcademicAffairs/GeneralRegulations/StudyRegulations/StudyRegulationsforResearchDegreeProgrammes/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

Joint LLB/JD courses for a small number of students are offered by [[University College London]], [[King's College London]], and the [[London School of Economics]] in collaboration with [[Columbia University]]. King's also offers a joint LLB/JD with [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Dual LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York
 |date=14 September 2017
 |publisher=University College London
 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/study/undergraduate/dual-llbjuris-doctor-jd-columbia-university-new-york
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171558/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/study/undergraduate/dual-llbjuris-doctor-jd-columbia-university-new-york
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref name=kcl>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate|work=The Dickson Poon School of Law|publisher=King's College London|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/undergraduate|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171559/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/undergraduate|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Double degree programme: Columbia Law School
 |publisher=London School of Economics
 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/study/double-degree
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830171556/https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/study/double-degree
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> King's College London and the [[University of Exeter]] offer joint LLB/JD degrees with the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]], with two years in the UK followed by two years in Hong Kong.<ref name=kcl/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/law/law_llb_jd/|title=Dual LLB / Juris Doctor (JD) with the Chinese University of Hong Kong - 2023 entry|accessdate=30 August 2022|publisher=University of Exeter|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830170557/https://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/law/law_llb_jd/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Harvard Law School]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] offer a JD/LLM Joint Degree Program enabling Harvard JD candidates to earn a Cambridge LLM and a Harvard JD in 3.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=School |first=Harvard Law |title=Harvard Law School and University of Cambridge J.D./LL.M. Joint Degree Program |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/ils/hls-cambridge-joint-degree/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615220322/https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/ils/hls-cambridge-joint-degree/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[University of Southampton]] offers a two-year graduate-entry LLB described as a "JD pathway" degree.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Law Accelerated Programme JD Pathway (LLB)
 |publisher=[[University of Southampton]]
 |url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/law-accelerated-programme-jd-pathway-degree-llb
 |access-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-date=30 August 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830173454/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/law-accelerated-programme-jd-pathway-degree-llb
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> The [[University of Surrey]] previously offered a course similar to Southampton's.<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Law (J.D. pathway) LL.B. (Hons.)
 |year=2017
 |publisher=[[University of Surrey]]
 |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/undergraduate/law-jd-pathway
 |access-date=17 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010617/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/undergraduate/law-jd-pathway|archivedate=18 September 2016
}}
</ref> The [[University of York]] offers a three-year so-called "LLM Law (Juris Doctor)" degree.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=LL.M. law (Juris Doctor)
 |series=Postgraduate courses
 |publisher=[[University of York]]
 |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/courses/llm-law-juris-doctor/
 |access-date=24 July 2020
 |archive-date=7 April 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407002328/https://www.york.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/courses/llm-law-juris-doctor/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>