Editing Jurchen people (section)

=== Ming dynasty ===
[[File:A Tartar Huntsmen on His Horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th-century ink and color painting on silk.]]
[[File:Jurchen woodblock print.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A late Ming era woodblock print of a Jurchen warrior.]]
{{main|Manchuria under Ming rule}}

Chinese chroniclers of the [[Ming dynasty]] distinguished three different groups of Jurchens: the [[Wild Jurchens]] ({{zh|c=野人女真|p=yěrén Nǚzhēn|labels=no}}) of what became [[Outer Manchuria]], the [[Haixi Jurchens]] ({{zh|c=海西女真|labels=no}}) of modern [[Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang Province]] and the [[Jianzhou Jurchens]] of modern [[Jilin|Jilin Province]]. They led a pastoral-agrarian lifestyle, hunting, fishing, and engaging in limited agriculture. In 1388, the [[Hongwu Emperor]] dispatched a mission to establish contact with the Odoli, Huligai and T'owen tribes.

The issue of controlling the Jurchens was a point of contention between Joseon Korea and the early Ming.{{sfn|Wang|2010|p=301}}

The [[Yongle Emperor]] (r. 1402–1424) found allies among the various Jurchen tribes against the Mongols. He bestowed titles and surnames to various Jurchen chiefs and expected them to send periodic tribute. One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a Jurchen princess, which resulted in some of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin.{{sfn|Mitamura|1970|p=54}}

Chinese [[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] were established over tribal military units under their own hereditary tribal leaders. In the Yongle period, 178 commanderies were set up in Manchuria. Later on, horse markets were established in the northern border towns of [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]]. Increased contact with the Chinese gave Jurchens the more complex and sophisticated organizational structures.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The [[Koreans]] dealt with the Jurchen military through appeals to material benefits and launching punitive expeditions. To appease them the [[Joseon]] court handed out titles and degrees, trading with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Korean women marry Jurchens and integrating them into Korean culture. These measures were unsuccessful and fighting continued between the Jurchen and the Koreans.{{sfn|Seth|2006|p=138}}{{sfn|Seth|2010|p=144}} This relationship between the Jurchens and Koreans was ended by the Ming which envisioned the Jurchens as a form of protective border to the north.<ref name="剑桥15">{{harvnb|Peterson|2002|p=15}}</ref> In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the [[Yongle Emperor]]. Soon after, [[Mentemu]], chieftain of Odoli clan of the [[Jianzhou Jurchens]], defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a tributary to China instead. [[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Seong-gye]], the first ruler of Joseon, asked the Ming dynasty to send Mentemu back but was refused.<ref>{{harvnb|Meng|2006|p=120}}</ref> The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead.{{sfn|Zhang|2008|p=29}}{{sfn|Dardess|2012|p=18}} The Koreans tried to persuade Mentemu to reject the Ming dynasty's overtures but were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Goodrich|1976|p=1066}}{{sfn|Peterson|2002|p=13}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA286 286-7]}}{{sfn|Zhang|2008|p=30}} The Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming dynasty in succession.<ref name="开国史21">{{harvnb|Meng|2006|p=21}}</ref> They were divided in 384 guards by the Ming dynasty<ref name="剑桥15"/> and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming emperors.{{sfn|Cosmo|2007|p=3}} The name given to the Jurchen land by the Ming dynasty was [[Nurgan]]. Later, a Korean army led by [[Yi-Il]] and [[Yi Sun-sin]] would expel them from Korea.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 1409, the Ming government created the Nurgan Command Post ({{zh|c=奴兒干都司|labels=no}}) at Telin (present-day [[Tyr, Russia]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы |language=ru |trans-title=Tourism objects - Archaeological. Tyr temples |url=http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903021101/http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997 |archive-date=3 September 2009 |url-status=dead}} (Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village)</ref> about 100&nbsp;km upstream from [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]] in the [[Russian Far East]]) in the vicinity of Heilongjiang. The Jurchens came under the nominal administration of the Nurgan Command Post which lasted only 25 years and was abolished in 1434. Leaders of the Haixi and Jianzhou tribes did, however, accept the Ming titles.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch [[Yishiha]] (who himself was a [[Haixi Jurchens|Haixi Jurchen]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Shih-Shan Henry Tsai |year=2002 |title=Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295981245 |page=158}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC Google Books].</ref>) led ten large missions to win over the allegiance of the Jurchen tribes along the [[Songhua River]] and [[Amur River]]. His fleet sailed down the Songhua into the Amur, and set up the Nurgan Command at Telin near the mouth of the Amur River. These missions are not well recorded in the Ming histories, but there exist two stone steles erected by Yishiha at the site of the Yongning Temple, a Guanyin temple commissioned by him at Telin.<ref>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/XV/1400-1420/Stela1410/text.htm Telin Stele] (from: "Политика Минской империи в отношении чжурчженей (1402 -1413 гг.)" (The Jurchen policy of the Ming Empire), in "Китай и его соседи в древности и средневековье" (China and its neighbors in antiquity and the Middle Ages), Moscow, 1970. {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The inscriptions on the steles are in four languages: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongol, and Tibetan. There is probably quite a lot of propaganda in the inscriptions, but they give a detailed record of the Ming court's efforts to assert suzerainty over the Jurchen. When Yishiha visited Nurgan for the 3rd time in 1413, he built a temple called Yongning Temple at Telin and erected the [[Yongning Temple Stele]] in front of it. Yishiha paid his 10th visit to Nurgan in 1432, during which he rebuilt the Yongning Temple and re-erected a stele in front of it. The stele bore the heading "Record of Re-building Yongning Temple". The setting up of the Nurgan Command Post and the repeated declarations to offer blessings to this region by Yishiha and others were all recorded in this and the first steles.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In the ninth year of the Ming [[Xuande emperor]] the [[Jurchens]] in [[Manchuria under Ming rule]] suffered from famine forcing them to sell their daughters into slavery and moving to Liaodong to beg for help and relief from the Ming dynasty government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88/wiki-3774856-0311736 |title=亦失哈 |language=zh |trans-title=It's also lost |quote=宣德九年，女真地区灾荒，女真人被迫卖儿鬻女，四处流亡，逃向辽东的女真难民，希望得到官府的赈济。[In the ninth year of Xuande, the Jurchen region was famine, and the Jurchens were forced to sell their sons and wives and went into exile. They fled to the Jurchen refugees in Liaodong, hoping to get relief from the government.] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200312144319/https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88/wiki-3774856-0311736 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=亦失哈八下东洋|date=2014-07-08|work=[[Ifeng.com]] |url=http://hlj.ifeng.com/culture/history/detail_2014_07/08/2559681_0.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428053435/http://hlj.ifeng.com/culture/history/detail_2014_07/08/2559681_0.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-28}}</ref>